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Chapter
10
Hypothesis Tests
Regarding a
Parameter
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Section
10.1
The Language of
Hypothesis Testing
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Objectives
1. Determine the null and alternative
hypotheses
2. Explain Type I and Type II errors
3. State conclusions to hypothesis tests
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Objective 1
• Determine the Null and Alternative
Hypotheses
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A hypothesis is a statement regarding a
characteristic of one or more populations.
In this chapter, we look at hypotheses
regarding a single population parameter.
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Examples of Claims Regarding a
Characteristic of a Single Population
• In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered their
time for charity work. A researcher believes that this percentage
is different today.
Source: ReadersDigest.com poll created on 2008/05/02
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Examples of Claims Regarding a
Characteristic of a Single Population
• In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered their time
for charity work. A researcher believes that this percentage is
different today.
• According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean length
of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25 minutes. A
researcher believes that the mean length of a call has increased
since then.
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Examples of Claims Regarding a
Characteristic of a Single Population
• In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered their time
for charity work. A researcher believes that this percentage is
different today.
• According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean length
of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25 minutes. A
researcher believes that the mean length of a call has increased
since then.
• Using an old manufacturing process, the standard deviation of the
amount of wine put in a bottle was 0.23 ounces. With new
equipment, the quality control manager believes the standard
deviation has decreased.
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CAUTION!
We test these types of statements using sample
data because it is usually impossible or
impractical to gain access to the entire
population. If population data are available,
there is no need for inferential statistics.
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Hypothesis testing is a procedure, based
on sample evidence and probability, used
to test statements regarding a
characteristic of one or more populations.
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Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. A statement is made regarding the nature of the
population.
2. Evidence (sample data) is collected in order to
test the statement.
3. The data is analyzed to assess the plausibility of
the statement.
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The null hypothesis, denoted H0, is a
statement to be tested. The null
hypothesis is a statement of no change,
no effect or no difference. The null
hypothesis is assumed true until evidence
indicates otherwise. In this chapter, it
will be a statement regarding the value of
a population parameter.
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The alternative hypothesis, denoted H1, is
a statement that we are trying to find
evidence to support. In this chapter, it
will be a statement regarding the value of
a population parameter.
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In this chapter, there are three ways to set up the
null and alternative hypotheses:
1. Equal versus not equal hypothesis (two-tailed test)
H0: parameter = some value
H1: parameter ≠ some value
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In this chapter, there are three ways to set up the
null and alternative hypotheses:
1. Equal versus not equal hypothesis (two-tailed test)
H0: parameter = some value
H1: parameter ≠ some value
2. Equal versus less than (left-tailed test)
H0: parameter = some value
H1: parameter < some value
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In this chapter, there are three ways to set up the
null and alternative hypotheses:
1. Equal versus not equal hypothesis (two-tailed test)
H0: parameter = some value
H1: parameter ≠ some value
2. Equal versus less than (left-tailed test)
H0: parameter = some value
H1: parameter < some value
3. Equal versus greater than (right-tailed test)
H0: parameter = some value
H1: parameter > some value
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“In Other Words”
The null hypothesis is a statement of “status
quo” or “no difference” and always contains
a statement of equality. The null hypothesis
is assumed to be true until we have evidence
to the contrary. The claim that we are trying
to gather evidence for determines the
alternative hypothesis.
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Parallel Example 2: Forming Hypotheses
For each of the following claims, determine the null and alternative
hypotheses. State whether the test is two-tailed, left-tailed or
right-tailed.
a)
In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered their
time for charity work. A researcher believes that this
percentage is different today.
b)
According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean length
of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25 minutes. A
researcher believes that the mean length of a call has increased
since then.
c)
Using an old manufacturing process, the standard deviation of
the amount of wine put in a bottle was 0.23 ounces. With new
equipment, the quality control manager believes the standard
deviation has decreased.
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Solution
a)
In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered
their time for charity work. A researcher believes that this
percentage is different today.
The hypothesis deals with a population proportion, p. If
the percentage participating in charity work is no different
than in 2008, it will be 0.62 so the null hypothesis is H0:
p=0.62.
Since the researcher believes that the percentage is
different today, the alternative hypothesis is a two-tailed
hypothesis: H1: p≠0.62.
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Solution
b)
According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean
length of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25
minutes. A researcher believes that the mean length of a
call has increased since then.
The hypothesis deals with a population mean, . If the
mean call length on a cellular phone is no different than in
2006, it will be 3.25 minutes so the null hypothesis is H0:
=3.25.
Since the researcher believes that the mean call length has
increased, the alternative hypothesis is: H1:  > 3.25, a
right-tailed test.
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Solution
c)
Using an old manufacturing process, the standard
deviation of the amount of wine put in a bottle was 0.23
ounces. With new equipment, the quality control manager
believes the standard deviation has decreased.
The hypothesis deals with a population standard deviation,
. If the standard deviation with the new equipment has
not changed, it will be 0.23 ounces so the null hypothesis
is H0:  = 0.23.
Since the quality control manager believes that the
standard deviation has decreased, the alternative
hypothesis is: H1:  < 0.23, a left-tailed test.
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Objective 2
• Explain Type I and Type II Errors
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Four Outcomes from Hypothesis Testing
1.
We reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
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Four Outcomes from Hypothesis Testing
1.
We reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
2.
We do not reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
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Four Outcomes from Hypothesis Testing
1.
We reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
2.
We do not reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
3.
We reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
This decision would be incorrect. This type of error is called a
Type I error.
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Four Outcomes from Hypothesis Testing
1.
We reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
2.
We do not reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is
true. This decision would be correct.
3.
We reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
This decision would be incorrect. This type of error is called a
Type I error.
4.
We do not reject the null hypothesis when the alternative
hypothesis is true. This decision would be incorrect. This type
of error is called a Type II error.
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Parallel Example 3: Type I and Type II Errors
For each of the following claims, explain what it would mean to
make a Type I error. What would it mean to make a Type II
error?
a)
In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered their
time for charity work. A researcher believes that this
percentage is different today.
b)
According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean length
of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25 minutes. A
researcher believes that the mean length of a call has increased
since then.
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Solution
a)
In 2008, 62% of American adults regularly volunteered
their time for charity work. A researcher believes that this
percentage is different today.
A Type I error is made if the researcher concludes that
p≠0.62 when the true proportion of Americans 18 years or
older who participated in some form of charity work is
currently 62%.
A Type II error is made if the sample evidence leads the
researcher to believe that the current percentage of
Americans 18 years or older who participated in some
form of charity work is still 62% when, in fact, this
percentage differs from 62%.
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Solution
b)
According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean
length of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25
minutes. A researcher believes that the mean length of a
call has increased since then.
A Type I error occurs if the sample evidence leads the
researcher to conclude that >3.25 when, in fact, the actual
mean call length on a cellular phone is still 3.25 minutes.
A Type II error occurs if the researcher fails to reject the
hypothesis that the mean length of a phone call on a
cellular phone is 3.25 minutes when, in fact, it is longer
than 3.25 minutes.
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 = P(Type I Error)
= P(rejecting H0 when H0 is true)
 = P(Type II Error)
= P(not rejecting H0 when H1 is true)
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The probability of making a Type I error,
, is chosen by the researcher before the
sample data is collected.
The level of significance, , is the
probability of making a Type I error.
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“In Other Words”
As the probability of a Type I error
increases, the probability of a Type II
error decreases, and vice-versa.
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Objective 3
• State Conclusions to Hypothesis Tests
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CAUTION!
We never “accept” the null hypothesis because
without having access to the entire population,
we don’t know the exact value of the
parameter stated in the null. Rather, we say
that we do not reject the null hypothesis. This
is just like the court system. We never declare
a defendant “innocent”, but rather say the
defendant is “not guilty”.
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Parallel Example 4: Stating the Conclusion
According to a study published in March, 2006 the mean
length of a phone call on a cellular telephone was 3.25
minutes. A researcher believes that the mean length of
a call has increased since then.
•
Suppose the sample evidence indicates that the null
hypothesis should be rejected. State the wording of
the conclusion.
a) Suppose the sample evidence indicates that the null
hypothesis should not be rejected. State the wording
of the conclusion.
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Solution
a) Suppose the sample evidence indicates that the null
hypothesis should be rejected. State the wording of
the conclusion.
The statement in the alternative hypothesis is that the
mean call length is greater than 3.25 minutes. Since the
null hypothesis (=3.25) is rejected, we conclude that
there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean
length of a phone call on a cell phone is greater than 3.25
minutes.
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Solution
b) Suppose the sample evidence indicates that the null
hypothesis should not be rejected. State the wording
of the conclusion.
Since the null hypothesis (=3.25) is not rejected, we
conclude that there is insufficient evidence to conclude
that the mean length of a phone call on a cell phone is
greater than 3.25 minutes. In other words, the sample
evidence is consistent with the mean call length equaling
3.25 minutes.
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