Download Third Week of Development

Third Week of Development
(Trilaminar Germ Disk)
The main events during this period:
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Gastrulatin.
Formation of the notochord.
Establishment of ^ body axes.
Growth of ^ embryonic disc(cephalocaudally).
Further development of ^ trophoblast.
Gastrulation
• The process that establishes all three germ layers ( ectoderm,
mesoderm, & endoderm), which begins with ^ formation of ^
primitive streak.
• ^ Primitive streak: a narrow groove formed on ^ surface of ^
epiblast, which is clearly visible at 15- 16 days embryo.
• ^ cephalic end of ^ streak, ^ primitive node, consists of a
slightly elevated area surrounding ^ small primitive pit .
• Cells of ^ epiblast migrate toward ^ primitive streak, upon
their arrival, they detach from ^ epiblast & slip beneath it, this
inward movement is known as invagination .
• Once ^ cells have invaginated ,some displace ^ hypoblast,
creating ^ embryonic endoderm.
• Some cells come to lie between ^ epiblast & newly created
endoderm to form mesoderm.
• Cells remaining in ^ epiblast then form ectoderm.
• Epiblast layer is ^ source of all ^ germ layers.
• Oropharyngeal membrane at ^ cranial end of ^ disc consists of
small region of tightly adherent ectoderm & endoderm
without mesoderm.
• Cloacal membrane at ^ caudal end of ^ disc similar to ^
orophangeal memb.
• ^ Prechordal plate forms between ^ tip of ^ notochord & ^
oropharyngeal membrane & is derived from ^ 1st cells that
migrate from ^ node in cephalic direction.
• As more & more cells move bet. ^ epiblast & hypoblast layers,
they begin to spread laterally & cranially.
• Gradually, they migrate beyond ^ margin of ^ disc & establish
contact with ^ extraembryonic mesoderm covering ^ yolk sac
& amnion.
Formation of the Notochord
• Prenotochordal cells invaginating in ^ primitive node move
forward cranially in ^ midline until they reach ^ prechordal
plate, these cells become intercalated in ^ hypoblast for a
short time at ^ midline then form ^ notochord plate.
• Cells of ^ notochordal plate proliferate & detach from ^
endoderm & form a solid cord of cells , ^ definitive notochord.
• ^ Cranial end forms first, & caudal regions are added as ^
primitive streak assumes a more caudal position.
• ^ notochord & prenotochordal cells extend cranially to ^
prechordal plate & caudally to ^ primitive pit.
• The primitive pit forms an indentation in ^ epiblast, ^
neurenteric canal temporarily connects ^ amniotic & yolk sac
cavities.
• When ^ cloacal memb. appears, ^ posterior wall of ^ yolk sac
forms a small diverticulum that extends into ^ connecting
stalk called ^ allantoenteric diverticulum, or allantois, appears
around ^ 16th day of development.
Establishment of the body axes
• Establishment of ^ body axes, anteroposterior, dorsoventral,
& left-right, takes place before & during ^ period of
gastrulation.
• Cephalic & caudal ends of ^ embryo are established before ^
primitive streak is formed.
• There are groups of genes which control ^ process of
gastrulation & establishment of ^ body axes.
Fate map established during
gastrulation
• Regions of ^ epiblast that migrate through ^ primitive streak
have been mapped, & their ultimate fates have been
determined.
• For ex. cells that ingress through ^ cranial region of ^ node
become prechordal plate & notochord; those migrating at ^
lateral edges of ^ node& from ^ cranial end of ^ streak
become paraxial mesoderm; cells migrating through ^
midstreak region become intermediate mesoderm; & those
migrating through ^ more caudal part of ^ streak form lateral
plate mesoderm.
Growth of the embryonic disc
• The embryonic disc, initially flat almost round, gradually
becomes elongated, with a broad cephalic & narrow caudal
end.
• Continuous migration of cells from ^ primitive streak in
cephalic direction leads to growth & elongation of ^ cephalic
region.
• The migration of cells from ^ primitive streak forward &
laterally continues until ^ end of 4th week.
• In ^ cephalic region, germ layers begin their differentiation by
^ middle of ^ 3rd week, whereas in ^ caudal part,
differentiation begins by ^ end of ^ 4th week.
Thus gastrulation (formation of germ layers)
continue in caudal segments while cranial
structures are differentiating, causing ^ embryo
to develop cephalocaudally.
Further development of ^ trophoblast
• By ^ beginning of ^ 3rd week, ^ trophoblast is characterized by
primary villi that consist of a cytotrophoblastic core covered
by a syncytial layer.
• During further development, mesodermal cells penetrate ^
core of primary villi & grow toward ^ decidua, here are called
secondary villi.
• By ^ end of ^ 3rd week, mesodermal cells in ^ core of ^ villus
begin to differentiate into blood cells & small blood cells
forming villus capillary system, ^ villi are called tertiary or
definitive placental villus.
• Capillaries in tertiary villi make contact with capillaries
developing in ^ mesoderm of ^ chorionic plate & in ^
connecting stalk, these vessels , in turn, establish contact with
intraembryonic circulatory system, connecting ^ placenta & ^
embryo.
• Hence, when ^ heart begins to beat in ^ 4th week of
development, ^ villus system is ready to supply ^ embryo with
nutrients & oxygen.
• Meanwhile, cytotrophoblast cells in ^ villi penetrate into
overlying syncytium until they reach ^ maternal
endometrium, here they contact with similar extensions from
^ neighboring villus stems forming a thin outer
cytotrophoblast shell.
• Villi that extend from ^ chorionic plate to ^ decidua basalis
called stem or anchoring villi, those that branch from ^ sides
of stem villi are free (terminal) villi, through which exchange
of nutrients & other factors will occur.
• By ^ 19th-20th day ^ embryo is attached to its trophoblastic
shell by a narrow connecting stalk.