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29 BLUMEA (1984) 481-497 of the Malesian species of Steganthera A synopsis (Monimiaceae) W.R. Department of Philipson of Botany, University New Canterbury, Christchurch, Zealand Summary Revision 12 of the Malesian names are reduced, 3 are of species to treatment in Flora precursor the Malesiana. excluded and 9 Steganthera, genus There are are 16 which imperfectly in centres 5 species accepted; are New Guinea; described as new, known. Introduction The geographical land and species the are range of the genus Steganthera Solomon Islands, in recognized beyond mon Islands. S. hirsuta Britain and New its of centre Steganthera the crosses Torres One other species is recorded for Besides the ly overlap, nea, The S. widespread species two other hospitans at few collections: S. Six species have S. low other species have parvifolia, to more S. eastern S. ilicifolia are insculpta, Range 1979, 315). S. scarce- ranges at known S. hentyi, elevations. higher from one and S. chimbuensis and S. or very oligantha. still local in their distributions, dentata, S. moszkowskii, in New Gui- the main island of New Gui- following being cyclopensis, extended ranges but S. royenii, over moderate altitudes and S. myrtifolia, Iron Queensland (Endress, Blumea 25, limited ranges, the S. the limited range in extending in New only species to S. hirsuta and S. salomonensis whose have ranges species a Straits ex- the Solo- frequent throughout in the Moluccas and Celebes, is the occurs Ireland, and also Queens- to in New Guinea. Sixteen in New Guinea. Three occur salomonensis is Queensland. S. australiana of Queensland also has nea. extends from Celebes diversity this revision, all of which New Guinea. tend with namely fasciculata (fig- 1). All the they may that event widespread eventually species be found this outline of tails of this variability are ilicifolia, to considerable include local geographical taxa variation, and it is possible which distribution would warrant specific that rank. In require modification. De- given under the species concerned, but it may be said here that the patterns of variation, suta, S. exhibit especially in the group of closely linked species S. hir- S. australiana and S. chimbuensis, suggest that the process of tion is far from stabilization. For this reason, no specia- attempt has been made in the key to 482 Fig. BLUMEA 1. Distribution clopensis; 4. + hentyi; S. of some fasciculata; S. � parvifolia; the species, excessive to This family difficulty mentary they regard flowers. The as ■ S. myrtifolia. dentata; S. hospitans, S. distinguishing in the of recognition 7. S. The specimens. infructescence, the being diligent search for flowers of both distributions most characters is not collect, in to foliage, fined the junction they between dry genera are not readily are mostly to a most is this indication is must so be pedicel receptacle brown when or the frag- realize that what fact, fully most mature collect- In all species. cases a common are and widely — they are, thickened and stamens usually dis- similar. The techni- are allow firstly, glandular in the androea generic iden- important of these is the appearance of the pedicel: relatively the (when dry), brown widely Similar species. is the observable other features or slender and is is thickened none at all. clearly distally dry. Thirdly, (until given only tentatively). in Kibara, the achenes of while those of Kibara fawn colour distinct from the recep- and has a less clearly de- Another useful indication is that usually dry greenish (often yellowish green) and verruculose often the in and, secondly, the greater number of pedicel with are, fruits and inflorescences salomonensis). However, whereas in Kibara the leaves thera tepals be made. The Steganthera tacle, not confused with Kibara, another frequently female receptacle, (but four is essential. sexes in Kibara, certain of which tification the aggregated by conspicuous feature, discriminating two S. of cy- • s. royenii; not shown. do frequently the greater number of see 8. S. Palmeria and Matthaea, cal differences between these cium 3. S. chimbuensis; features for these four diagnostic for relatively unimportant tributed genus, because the in the 2. S. oligantha; salomonensis) are Collectors flower-buds, and therefore do is australiana; least in Malesia. it Steganthera 1984 moszkowskii; found in Levieria, ed, but is 2, 1. S. S. been at Steganthera. No. 6. ilicifolia, of many nature of 29, insculpta; absolute provide variation has in this general S. S. S. spread species (S. hirsuta, species 5. VOL. - appear to be whereas in Steganthera mostly Stegan- are black smoother and Kibara has been studied in detail greater W. R. It was cious and also salomonensis. The the because of androecium of (or another and each has 4 free, Wilkiea stamens bearing smaller in whorl stamens. All the more absence of of these but usually, anthers open that found in Kibara, but to (usually stamens by on of S. of nature comprise to free from a one Tetrasynandra united into are a has column. distributed over the of the consisting a usual 4 variable number of in the female tepals them, clearly to for the by allowing and receptacle the excludes the inclusion of S. salo- modify the important diag- of occurrence an inner whorl stamens. The species of One is gated as is set cies which and valid by of the female, and S. but Kanehira and Hatusima for uniting the species two of the first combine is a two groups These species. are globose, Nomenclatural problems species were two specific lost and rank. no names arise during type to S. are known. ilicifolia of the earliest species number of spe- a now Most not because the type are not defined. S. discoid reduced accepted to reason hospitans dentata and receptacles and S. with S. oligantha of these would the differences between them of the probably to the most on- as of but where the type has been has often been if specimens of them could be attributable the hirsuta. specimens of many of the earlier synonymy, several not given species the expansion of the hybridity to which has species clearly with morphologically complex a the Second World War. Janet Perkins had available For this name that is, the well defined some in S. examples, other authentic material exists, it conclusively. insufficiently some Several groups. In but this may be due small number of collections and she a the destroyed segre- dioecious. The by being three groups of fasciculate inflorescences variable character; for male flower may be also the was (Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56, both these characters; lacking extent formerly genera. A second group of spe- whereas those of the third group form therefore fall into both of the first receptacle lesser inflorescences. It includes cymose in itself into stable cyclopensis a This group formal taxonomic recognition because their limits are and morphological grounds. to separate, including S. hirsuta which is very variable in all to species geographically, yet resolved reasons receptacles The in three groups on placed their fasciculate inflorescences and those difficult are be patelliform receptacle. or Anthobembix, comprises its characters. can expansion turbinate out sub-globose the by characterized third group have a the genus 1942, 256) cies Steganthera characterized male flower into ly the horizontal slits. This arrangement is similar monensis from Kibara. It has therefore been necessary nostic character of the androecium in stamens horizontal slits. The androe- by always, enclosing the number of glandular thickenings are more) or descriptions, not by being vertical slits. 8 include dioe- to horizontal slit. Matthaea also single and the anthers open receptacle, outer an a two but the 4 filaments Steganthera variable number of a by open defined are the filaments pairs), opening by Steganthera the number of in has been considered Steganthera dicussate anther cium of S. salomonensis fits stamens 2 its anthers those of to surface of the inner an but stamens, anthers similar found Malesian genera of the Mollinedieae whorl of 4 483 species of Steganthera variations androecium. The single In Malesian extend the definitionof the genus to necessary species Philipson: early impossible names be referable are to to interpret listed here as S. hirsuta and found. It is unfortunate that the common species, S. hirsuta, has 484 Fig. BLUMEA 2. Inflorescences peduncles, the the c, pedicels been 5388). closely ending Smith's The seen but name d. a VOL. salomonensis. 29, a. with two female purely female No. 2, 1984 A cauliflorous flowers; b, c. inflorescence (a. with purely BSIP name is adopted because a several male 10575; principal inflorescences, b. NGF 28733; later collection identified and because later collections from the original description. it may would because the yet prove have to identity be The to be name S. reduced to same region as schlechteri is treated conspecific with S. synonymy. as ilicifolia. That by the type course insuf- In is that not of S. schlechteri remains and its very uncertain adopted here, type collected below the usual altitudinalrange of S. was panicle two x ½. with the ficiently known, event All available. Perkins has been agree Steganthera mostly clustered; d. Schodde not of central rhachis - ilicifolia. An may crement growth basal terminal bud a the then resumes of the part The the throughout occur inflorescences forms enclosed by devoid of a few foliage of pairs perulae a basal leafless to appear minute and often rescences to be borne last pair Endress by of the because of leaves of the they terminal, may appear cles. This terminal bud nal, the or bud inflorescences be borne The obvious. previous growth may or even on the sites, same flowers, cies internodes between the ultimate branches pressed, arise the at hentyi, so S. that dichasia, they same occur The association of larged nodes line the pith simple pleiochasia to in fascicles. level, resulting dentata and S. with stems. species S. The increment pedun- apparently termi- their lateral case S. salomonensis, additional that flowers continue to or cymose (especially Ultimately all the the pedicels) pedicels slightly In several spe- panicles. are sup- may appear fasciculata, to S. cyclopense. some species with well-defined pores association is hospitans, growth a in the fasciculate inflorescences of S. cavities and small black hollow of leaves. pair of of the inflorescence is cymose. This may vary from branching pattern the well above the branches. large terminal or perulae below such inflo- which in so in- are for the Australian spe- one leaf-pair notably species, at the be detected between the growth increment, arise the (since when the inflorescences remain several In can elongate, increment. This arrange- (Blumea 25,1979, 316) terminal bud new subsequently older twigs, on a may abort, produce may becomes position usually not previous growth on stems appear in the axils of the last occur but do perulae elongate, species given cies, S. macooraia, where each growth increment bears only Inflorescences which the that in the axils of or perulae of shoots portions diagnoses supra-axillary, has been illustrated ment on In the caducous). described as are insertion of the the bare so portion. arise in the axils of the last leaves of the increment. On the other hand, if the internodes between the florescences elongate may if the internodes between the case, When perulae (cataphylls). lateral, either in the axils of foliage leaves inflorescences appear and species leaves. The buds of lateral branches and may also have perulae are In the latter perulae. has been observed in several morphology the genus. Growth is intermittent. At the end of each in- shoot is new 485 species of Steganthera internodes between these enclosed in similarly are of shoot interesting type well Malesian Philipson: W. R. but also most occurs ants is leading ants very abound conspicuous in the These striking. into the over hollow the the in species plant surface en- insects and in the and abundant large-leaved species S. moszkowskii, have Scale stems. S. ledermannii and S. royenii. Pollination several anthers problems. dehisce, receptacles female are but Kibara and the is male it is not by even stigmas. some not has The covered receptacle len reaches tacle biology been studied and the receptacles structure of the known what insects visit them. The the 'calyptra' smaller than These other genera are at anthesis. is giving not poses the time the in the female access to known how the pol- and converge towards the ostiole. is received (Endress, Experientia 35, 1979, 45) it at carpels The ostiole that of the male and awl-shaped pollen receptacles have open, if small, ostioles on but this is a hypostigma not so in In outside the recep- Steganthera. 486 BLUMEA VOL. - No. 29, 1984 2, STEGANTHERA Bot. Steganthera Perkins, Bot. (1911) 20; 33. zig (1925) Trees or pubescent ary - with 4 small first, scissing larger as buds with glabrous awl-shaped. 2 3 after anthesis to Achenes sessile TO Female inflorescence Female inflorescence sub-sessile a. Male inflorescence umbellate b. Male inflorescence of dichasia, a. Leaves New Papua b. Male b. Male a. Leaves dentate, principal second- a or dioecious. turbinate second (inner) Inflores- patelliform, or whorl of 1—4 horizontal slit. Female flowers similar by 4 tepals, carpels; numerous the upper pubescent; style ovary 2 pedunculate 16. S. insculpta (fig. 3) 3 pleiochasia 6 panicles (figs. 2-4) or under 100 mm long; W. Sepik Prov., Guinea) 1. narrowly elliptic (mostly to to halfab- long stipitate. broadly elliptic (mostly Leaves oblanceolate 4a. with 49 THE MALESIAN SPECIES a. to reveal or b. elliptic single a or flowers globose, rarely or smaller ostiole surrounded a KEY 1 (5), opening by and with calyptra a Monoecious 4 Heft simple, opposite, exstipulate, within the margin. ibid. (1901) 52; 567. (1895) Leaves cataphylls. 4 entire (3) stamens 25 Heft Gattungen der Monimiaceae, Leip- iiber die Bot. Jahrb. fasciculate. Male or Pflanzenreich Ubersicht becoming glabrous, meeting cymose tepals, (1898) 564; Perkins, sometimes stamens; anthers male but 25 (1915) 197; shrubs, resting at lateral, smaller 52 Anthobembix veins arched and cence Jahrb. Jahrb. receptacle globose (figs. 2—4) (Papua New over 100 Guinea, mm east long) S. hentyi 4 .... of 146°30' E) 2. S. fasciculata 5 6 discoid receptacle narrower 5 than 45 b. Leaves wider than 70 a. Pedicels of male flowers mm mm 7 a. Nodes dilated, b. Nodes 8 a. Male b. Male 9a. with a irregular * 7 10 s ants 8 (West Irian) ants 9 5. S. receptacle Leaves large*, New Leaves turbinate with inflorescence Guinea, smaller (to east of 100 a 4-lobed apical with stout large discoid mm long), New Guinea) Islands) small leaves Islands and slender pedicels 15. S. australiana 11 Receptacles globose (or only slightly depressed) Solomon .... turbinate Receptacles the 6. S. moszkowskii (Solomon inflorescence small with a. Rarely (in pedicels royenii 7. S. salomonensis b. or disc 48°30' E) (Wau, Goilala, Moresby Provinces, Papua 10 (fig. 2) mostly solitary pore inhabited by harbouring clusters receptacle globose Papua b. not in cyclopensis 4. S. dentata (West Irian) mostly b. Pedicels of male flowers 3. S. (West Irian) occur on stunted individuals. 14 W. 11a. Leaves 200 b. Leaves R. long mm Malesian 487 species of Steganthera 8. S. longer (widely distributed) or 12 leaf 60 1-2-flowered, mm of shorter long 9. S. Male inflorescence with more flowers, leaf over 60 Male receptacle b. Male receptacle patelliform (Central Prov., Papua 14 a. Leaves turbinate (West Irian, W. moderate usually tributed, mainly b. Leaves (usually above bu and E. 2450 reaching under 150 1200 10. S. parvifolia U.S. oligantha and entire narrow 210 to mm), usual- (widely distributed, 13. S. ilicifolia m) mm dis- (widely 12. S. hirsuta m) but up long, mm 13 Guinea) Guinea) long) mm often dentate, but also entire, when Leaves 50—100 c. lower altitudes, but variable in size ly coriaceous, usually at large (100-320 to New New myrtifolia long mm Sepik, Papua 13 a. Iden- (West Irian, burg R.) b. hospitans shorter considerably Male inflorescence 12 a. Philipson: long, coriaceous, Highland Provinces, Papua more or less rugose, margin entire New Guinea, above about 2400 (Chim- m) 14. S. chimbuensis d. Leaves 50-100 long, mm entire of dentate chartaceous, Goilala and (Wau, narrowly usually elliptic, acuminate, Moresby Provinces, Papua New Guinea) 15. S. australiana 1. Steganthera hentyi Philipson, Arbor parva ad ? Dioecia. mm. gracilis 6 m tata. strigosis. — Ty p u nov. ramulis dense alta, Inflorescentiae axillares vel Flos ignotus. mas s: Henty Flos Folia strigosis. 80—90 elliptica x 30-40 supra-axillares, sub-umbellatae, pedicellis femineus sub-globosus, strigosus, c. 3—4 numerosis, ovario dense strigoso. Achenia breve stipi- diam., tepalis 4, carpellis mm spec. & Foreman NGF 42688 (L), Kokomo Creek, tributary of Frieda R. Distribution. Fig. New Papua Guinea. West Sepik Province, Telefomin District. 1. Ecology. Primary Note. The leaf, and small lower the fasciculate valley forest, montane leaves with appressed inflorescences hairs at on 500 m. the veins of the underside of the distinctive. The are flowers are described as pink. 2. Steganthera fasciculata Arbor parva ad elliptica, m alta, 130—200(—300) supra-axillares; bus, 12 Philipson, femineus mas 1—2 x spec. ramulis Flos femineus crateriformis, Flos c. mas 12 - Fig. pubescentibus. 34—70(—90) sub-umbellatae, florae. nov. mm. 10-20 Folia oblanceolata ad anguste- Dioecia. Inflorescentiae axillares vel florae, pedicellis globosus, mm 3. 4-5 mm gracilibus, pubescenti- diam.; tepala 4; stamina 4. diam.; tepalis 4, carpellis numerosis. Achenia 488 Fig. BLUMEA 3. lipson x 5; four Steganthera fasciculata. & Kairo c. 3642), x ½; b. inflorescence stipitate achenes a. Branch male of female - with flower, flowers (Pratt 1082),x ½. VOL. 29, No. 2, sub-umbellate external view ( Philipson & 1984 inflorescence and in Kairo section of male (Philipson 3641), x½; flowers & Kairo (Phi- 3643), d. infructescence with W. stipitata. 1200 Ty — pus: 16-7-79 m, Guinea. Milne Bay 42 x ad 3 mm. altus, m Achenia 8 boko and Mt and the cream 15 c. primary Nothofagus Note. Similar to leaves. The flowers 4. ton) dentata Kanehira & 3668 Valeton, lower Dep. Agric. Mag. Tokyo discoideus vel mas Ecology. Note. The short-petioled distinctive. A are yellow. orange or in one collection at a has forest, 56 pale 1200—1340 m. orange. Hatusima Ind. Neerl. (1942) 10 (1907) 13. S. - with (Kalkman spreading are BW not been possible to primary and secondary branches. The flowers considerably 6411) c. 3588, 4 m ad 290 paniculata, 2—2.5 mm near Fig. 1. forest. narrower where the more are described as red, than the connective except anthers widely gaping no may be longer turgid. determine whether male and female flowers Steganthera royenii Philipson, elliptica (Vale- occur on It the separate plants. or on Frutex dentata 257. sub-sessile leaves and fasciculate male inflorescences or anthers m) in lanceolate smaller, usually stage after anthesis with the lateral lobes of the connective same 5. shrub The (to 160 ignotus. saddle between Mt Ba- Distribution. West New Guinea, Northern and Southern Districts. At low altitudes ad anguste-elliptica, 1. Fig. montane Kanehira & Bull. Bot. Hatusima, red. Ormoe. to described as carmine and (Valeton) torus Flos (L), dentata in many respects, but with are dentata Steganthera Anthobembix S. m. stamina 4. Flos femineus Royen Distribution. West Irian. Northern District. In of Mt Suck- supra-axillares, sub-umbellatae, longis. mm tepala 4; van from Ifar mature Folia oblanceolata ad strigosis. Ty pu s: — east nov. spec. diam., pubescens; mm Merariboch, path Ecology. Wau; Northern Prov- District, (Daga lang.). greenish are ramulis videtur sessilia. ut near Raba Raba ? Dioecius. Inflorescentiae axillares vel c. Wau, near 1. Fig. 12-florae, pedicellis gracilibus, strigosis, c. patelliformis, Mt Missim Prov., Morobe Province, Province, Mamkananeh name. The young flowers Frutex Morobe lower mountainrain forest from 365—1200 Steganthera cyclopensis Philipson, 170 489 species of Steganthera 3641, Island. Goodenough Ecology. Primary 3. New Range; Esa'ala District, Note. Malesian & Kairo Philipson Papua Distribution. Vernacular Philipson: (L). ince, Hydrographers ling, R. x altus, 111 40-50 ramulis mm. mm diam. Flos spec. pubescentibus, nodis dilatatis porosis. Monoecia. Inflorescentiae axillares vel longae, pedicellis femineus Steenkool (L). nov. ignotus. gracilibus Achenia fasciculatis. stipitata. — Folia oblongo- supra-axillares, Flos mas Typus: late globosus, van Royen 490 BLUMEA Distribution. West of the habited by low-lying primary forest, In 1200 to The m. flowers lack (van Roy en the cences being 6. 34 in hospitans the ultimate branches is species described (Perkins) of male solely moszkowskii moszkowskii Kanehira of the & Note. The male Hedycarya Perkins, 22 Cape Rodney. ville. Also on 56 (1942) are of the possibility sexes (1911) 26. S. - moszkowskii 255. 1. Fig. low altitude. with four rounded lobes apparently are Kew Hemsley, Papua Milne inhabited radiating by from the which ants gain apex, is entrance Philipson, Bull. (1895) more or New Guinea. to 750 crater rim is open variation less m in to to S. - Fig. 2. suberoso-alata Kosterm., Gard. District Kupiano east of occurs, San Cristobal and Rennell I. primary on one and with clusters more or and of many glabrous, the New Georgia Group doubt, though being diffuse lowland rain a handsome panicles stipitate specimens, including less secondary on achenes so higher altitudes. with tree leafy twigs (= or and S. suberoso- the type, have smaller, and have fruits with few are forest; ridges. extreme The latter form is characteristic of in - nov. Province; brown-pubescent below, other hand many achene. 137. Central the Solomon Islands the older stems, On the comb. Bay Province; Raba Raba, Esa-ala and Misima Districts. Bougain- From sea-level leaves which become dry at coral debris and in stunted forest large leaves, species these 445. (1968) Note. Considerable a in rain forest receptacle, throughout Ecology. stipitate as certain. All the inflores- not Heft 49 Nachtr. Mag. Tokyo salomonensis (Hemsl.) Distribution. alata). However, not collection Kanehira & Hatusima Pflanzenreich Bot. swollen nodes salomonensis Sing. on one male have pores. Steganthera also receptacles monoecious because which suggests the flowers, (Perkins) Hatusima, Understorey distinctive. The in scrub in- but the distinctive. The but female receptacle possibly as vegetative parts, inflorescence is Distribution. West New Guinea. Northern District. Ecology. Bull. sea- are dialect). appearance of its the monoecious condition is branches, consist Anthobembix 7. swollen nodes separate plants. Steganthera through portions from periodically flooded, bears male inflorescences and also old fruits. 78) same seen on sometimes which includes area 1. Fig. the fruit black. The yellow, are disc-like extension of the any This seen. S. to of the arrangement on restricted a Sirochomenwhah (Manikiong name. Note. Similar not flowers 1984 2, ants. Vernacular been Irian, occurring in No. 29, Northern and Southern Districts. Vogelkop, Ecology. level VOL. - greener even a Specimens single from stunted that their inclusion in this intermediate forms occur. A number of local forms W. R. found are Misima Sudest The Island margins represent on saplings Guinea coarsely distinct a to the occurs I. on (Fergusson leaves, serrate but species, leaf- serrate suckers, and the flowers and in- or quite typical of S. salomonensis. Kanehira & Steganthera hospitans (Becc.) hira & of New with these, This may 491 species of Steganthera end eastern distinctive of elsewhere, especially are Anthobembix S. islands off the most (Brass 28133). occur florescences 8. the on I.). Malesian Philipson: Bot. Jahrb. hospitans (Becc.) Perkins, Hatusima, Mag. Tokyo Bot. Pflanzenreich insignis Perkins, Distribution. 56 New 25 567. (1898) S. - hospitans (Becc.) Kane- 255. (1942) Heft 49 Nachtr. Throughout Hatusima 24. (1911) from Guinea, Vogelkop to the to moderate east, including Solomon Islands. In Ecology. but reaching rain forest and second primary 1200 Vernacular like discs of with a a Eppareppar names. female soft at low soreng Adelbert (Rawa lang., receptacles Adelbert (Utu lang., colour. The male butter-yellow variable extension of the rim: as S. insignis possible frequent, are shrubs, by are and Perkins in some Range); receptacles hybrids begun tacle becomes succulent (Adeyrodidae) and myrtifolia A.C. J. Am. Arbor. Smith, fruit, 22 In mossy forest Note. Known only at 2150 from the chartaceous entire leaves have a identiIt is with lanceolate leaves stems and many smallblack the ripe achenes comb. more adult swollen nodes ants. are The recep- purple-black. nov. 238. River. Idenburg Fig. 1. m. original two specimens unmistakable among are specimens the lower parts of (1941) Distribution. West Irian, Northern Division. Ecology. on by Steganthera myrtifolia (A.C. Smith) Philipson, Anthobembix smaller, receptacles in the juvenile plants and orange in bright as flowers. The hollow produce to into button- greener and are her in Anthobembix hospitans). (originally placed by this type of leaf may be found which have (Kutubu lang.). wasa the male specimens with S. hirsuta. Sterile inhabited by scale insects are 9. these Range); oloni, wolonyik striking, being broadly expanded are broadly expanded rim, but in others the rim may be obsolete, fied altitudes, m. (Waskuk lang., Ambunti); Note. The growth collected species with a by Brass. The small disc-like male recep- tacle. 10. Steganthera parvifolia (Perkins) Anthobembix Hatusima, Anthobembix hira & parvifolia Perkins, Bot. Mag. Tokyo brassii Hatusima, A.C. Bot. Bot. Jahrb. 56 Smith, Kanehira & Hatusima (1942) J. 52 Arn. Arbor. Mag. Tokyo 56 (1915) 205. - S. parvifolia (Perkins) Kanehira & 257. (1942) 32 261. (1941) 239. - S. brassii (A.C. Smith) Kane- 492 Fig. BLUMEA 4. Branch smaller of Steganthera hirsuta male. The terminal bud - VOL/29, No. 2, 1984 with axillary pleiochasia. has not yet developed (Philipson The larger & Kairo flowers 3657). are female, the W. R. Distribution. West mek New 493 species of Steganthera Arfak Mts; Guinea, Vogelkop, Southern District, Valley; Malesian Philipson: Lake Habbema. Northern District, New Guinea, West Papua Eipo- Sepik Prov- ince, Telefomin District. Fig. 1. Ecology. Note. The contrasts on leaves 11. primary disc-like glabrous outer pilose colouration. The than the & Bot. Mag. Tokyo Distribution. region. Fig. surface upper material from Bot. 56 Jahrb. of both male and female receptacle it in dried material in which the West Province Sepik are has described takes narrower yellow. as 25 (1895) 568. S. - oligantha (Perkins) Kanehira 257. (1942) New Papua 1900—2800 m. forest, Kanehira & Hatusima Guinea. Central Province, Moresby District, Sogeri 1. Ecology. Forest between 900 and 1600 Notes. A large with tree slender twigs, lections of Forbes made in 1855—6 and Other collections from 5667). rain type, but otherwise conforms. The flowers oligantha Perkins, Hatusima, montane surface, especially Steganthera oligantha (Perkins) Anthobembix lower (Telefomin Dist., Bulindup). Bobinok name. with the black a of Understorey Vernacular but the male receptacles The female flowers one These may be described as certainly only recent match the hybrids bright yellow from the three col- collection from region closely same globose. are are the m. known Efogi (Schodde foliage and fruit, with S. hirsuta. and the fruit as black on orange stipes. 12. Kibara (?) (1898) S. hirsuta (Warb.) Perkins Steganthera hirsuta Warb., Jahib. warburgii Perkins, Bot. Jahrb. Perkins, oblongiflora Perkins, S. fengeriana Perkins, S. oblongifolia Perkins, S. crispula Perkins, torricellensis S. riparia Perkins, Kanehira 25 & S. hirsuta (Warb.) Perkins, Bot. Jahrb. 25 Bay Bot. Jahrb. 52 Bot. An (1901) 54. 21. (1911) (1915) W. throughout also to (1942) on 259. Buru, Ceram the island from Manus I., New (Ambon), Vogelkop Halma- Peninsula to Britain and New Ireland. Range). understorey forest up 56 Moluccas: Kraeng. (Mt Suckling), Iron 199. Mag. Tokyo Aru. New Guinea: (Queensland, montane Heft 4 Heft 49 I.e. 21. Hatusima, Province Ecology. 564. I.e. 566. Distribution. Sulawesi: (Ternate), (1898) Pflanzenreich buergersiana Perkins, lower - I.e. 565. Pflanzenreich S. Australia 316. I.e. 566. S. Milne (1891) I.e. 565. thyrsiflora Perkins, S. hera 13 567. S. schumanniana S. Bot. 4. Fig. - tree 2450 in rain m. forest, mostly It is recorded from at low altitudes, but also in seasonally inundated swamps 494 BLUMEA and from also be forest. ridge Vernacular kubal jem, New (S. pae (Tomba), with tree described as a spreading a mankanane (Bembi), (Moeswaar I.), (Enga), kamokam (Mt Suckling), met- Britain), ongupin- New (Madang), sap it may crown, liane. (Jal), kamakama, imaitru kwaffel (Naho), tangitang sore (Rawa), tugwambi (Wagu), tunngacook (Wein), tsohren (Kutubu), is 1984 2, (Kainantu), napiwa (Talasea, sakoboe Britain), tonona (Wagu), (Koropa), namelawe (Waskuk), No. 29, moderate-sized a occasionally Gwa names. kuraili (Madang), mey Usually shrub and straggling a VOL. - vingi-vingi (Bayer R.), waluwali-i (Gogodala). The Uses. New Papua wood for used clubs (Isago Balimo Dist., village, tobacco rolled in the leaves Guinea). Pipe (Butemu Western Province, village, Saidor Dist., Madang Province, P.N.G.). Notes. The of these forms segregation any the different forms within the geographical a and complex the prominence; the presence combinations of character the belief that is ample ing veins) of the and play all proportionately practical the must finally hairy leaves frequently Western The achenes rely (and east more young with persistence one male shape of the thickness in the the achenes. Some region, is thyrsiflora Districts which An ex- with small receptacles few, sharply is so that most ascend- that field work. or also less a it and frequent and with the character distinctions specific herbarium material is that so to of Morobe Province. This However, cavities. more encouraging recognizable. leaves with glabrous mar- of the definitive Another sessile found from cannot be of this main- densely has been collected Owen Stanley dis- complex distinctive form with the recep- intergrade specimens rarely treatment achenes) in the form has globose states occur- Range most to the Province. foliage borne but in become to plant: absence of or and wall spreading principal veins, with extensive on often of Wau, Highlands are Lae characters, significant frequently applied appear distinctive District of Morobe Province. Similar larger difficulty and stipes bearing eventually approaches of the Northern and Central Provinces and parts different combinations, in occur tained. A with leaves glabrous less named S. and Wau, Mumeng neighbouring may cavity It is fre- features of the most development of the occur more or Manyamya form certainly effects less even m. been of the inflorescence; the size and may upland have names oblongiflora (with elliptical the is the ring sympatrically tacles with in occurs degree length segregate species narrowly elliptical, that adjacent parts broader and states form named S. the cavities and local of 2450 to collections of it of these some the ratio between the receptacles; and flower; sea-level specific be that so from Celebes almost extending range to this stage, be cannot intermediates by principal veins; the presence indumentum; the degree of branching male and female at seem, compared. Variability are size and the pattern of the teeth and their male would species combined. Several species until intermediate forms ginal be connected its range, and the number of separate quent throughout shape, included within this species to limit of New Guinea, and reaches from eastern that of all the other leaf appear as This aggregate has satisfactory. to number of different forms satisfactory, yet they considered on is pinkish; red, yellow or the flowers orange are cream receptacles. coloured; and the black W. R. 13. S. A.C. Smith, J. Am. Arbor. 22 Distribution. New Guinea. 1200 m to Province in West Madang with A (Ialibu), Mt and I. at 900 westwards m) far as above usually from Milne Province) Bay the Star and Carstensz as the mountains north of the Huon shrub Castanopsis ) small or Gulf in Morobe (Flagen), in lower mountain forest tree in thickets or Agubporombigl names. the forest at genzphora, margin. iganaphore (Tairoa kamokam, kamokum (Enga lang.), kamokamp (Mendi lang.), kama- kombugump Hagen), Uses. the central mountains rather lower in Central straggling understorey lang.), kamagam, lang., 235. (1941) Frequent along (but m Irian. Also in Nothofagus Vernacular kama 495 species of Steganthera Provinces. Ecology. (often 3250 as (including Fergusson mountains and high as Malesian ilicifolia A.C. Smith Steganthera ilicifolia Philipson: soreng Provides (Togoba), (Nako lang.), stakes for yambo (Maring), pundpunda munne toin bekl general (Melpa (Togoba), yuri (Minj). purposes, e.g. for house for building, digging sticks and for firewood. Notes. A times common attaining shape, but tree the and dentations become fewer often lanceolate leaves. distinguished pink, from the flowers The flowers 14. Frutex vel axillares, tepalis et Hoogland 1—3 few chimbuensis parva 50-100 minutis, & Pullen 541 Distribution. Philipson, ad mas 20 m with spec. but some- are the delicate, orange East are forms typical the forms with quite entire, in The certainty. less few- less fre- leaf-margins young cannot foliage is red be or achenes. bearing purple-black galls. nov. ramulis glabris.vel minute pubescentibus. Monoecia. Inflorescentiae axillares vel supra- globosus, c. In with entire specimens alta, mm. carpellis New culminating ripe receptacle 7(CANB). Papua distal branches. deformed by insect 22-42 x florae. Flos ostiolo the of the and the frequently arbor ellipfica, end or and less prominent, A as small, globose male flowers. Female flowers forms of S. hirsuta cream, are Steganthera Folia straggling shrub, prominent venation below is characteristic either terminal are a In its usual form the harsh dentate leaves vary in size and flowered inflorescences with quent and species, usually widespread stature. 2—3 mm diam. Flos femineus mari 12—20. Achenia breve Highlands Province, stipitata. — similis, Typus: Asaro-Mairi Div., 2400 Guinea. Chimbu Province, Kundiawa District; m. Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. Fig. 1. Ecology. In Vernacular primary names. and secondary lower (Chimbu, Abangle montane Masul), forest, between 2400—2850 m. ivananottoi (Mairi, Watabung), pemble (Wahgi; Minj), pogambeg (Hagen, Togoba). Note. Similar dentation very to undersurface dries folia. the.more rarely The flowers a occurs warm are widely spread on a leaf of a S. ilicifolia, plant cinnamon brown in pale yellow; the achenes but the leaves with otherwise entire contrast to purple-black are leaves) entire (a and the the buff colour of S. ilicion an orange receptacle. 496 15. S. BLUMEA VOL. - australiana C.T. Proc. White, Distribution. Soc. Roy. Queensland New Guinea. Papua Lower Note. A plant of show than may in opposite pairs. collected 16. S. twice only 9570, a Ecology. Note. This species virtually sessile margins. It may prove specimen Prov.) same from locality cymose at is near and Guinea characterized the by leaves and delicate inflorescences, A small Wau has species richly branched in- specimens they five occasions, but it has been on with tree more whereas in the other being clustered, 52 greenish or cream flowers. 202. (1915) Sepik region (known only Telefomin, Womersley 850—1600 m distinguished be best to much further identical to to from are not so from the type, Ledermann Umba densely hairy east as 1. NGF48740). Fig. forms form of that (Rau However, regularly dentate) east fertile a the leaf sterile of Wau, Morobe specimens leaves have by the on because species 99, Kaisenik, identified as S. hirsuta of S. hirsuta small dentations regular a those of the type. with similar (but inflorescences and regarded the & altitude. female inflorescences and the has leaves dominated) Nothofagus Perkins from In forest Central Prov- dentation, and indumentum of their leaves from Carr collected this Bot. Jahrb. gathering New apiculate shape, specimen Distribution. New Guinea. and and ( Castanopsis distribution in subsequently. Steganthera insculpta insculpta Perkins, Wau District; described from Queensland. The few New Guinea speci- the side branches florescences, occur species in Australia. A occur 78. 1. less lanceolate and variation in size, more (1944) 55 1000—2300 m. restricted more or is identified with the mens forest montane between growth, small, usually 1984 2, Morobe Province, ince, Goilala and Moresby Districts. Fig. Ecology. No. australiana C.T. White Steganthera second 29, from the long-pedunculate (e.g. Philipson & Kairo 3654, 3655). INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN Information about any existing examples SPECIES of the following types would be wel- comed. 1. S. atepala (1900) 2. S. Perkins in Schumann & Lauterbach, 329. Rodatz & Klink 237, Bismarck schlechteri Perkins, Pflanzenreich Heft Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee Range. 49 (1911) 21. Schlechter Mimi. 3. S. odontophylla Perkins, I.e. 23. Schlechter 17847, 4. S. symplocoides Perkins, I.e. 23. Schlechter Kaui Mts. 19825, Goridjoa. 17421, near W. R. 5. S. pycnoneura Perkins, Philipson: Malesian I.e. 23. Schlechter 19517, Maboro. 6. S. forbesii Perkins, I.e. 23. Forbes 608, without 7. S. psychrotrioides Perkins, 8. S. alpina Perkins, 9. S. ledermannii Jahrb. 52 Bot. I.e. 201. Ledermann ledermannii locality. 198. Ledermann (1915) 9078, Sepik. 11968, Sepik. Hatusima, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56 (1942) 255. Kanehira & (Perkins) Anthobembix - 497 species of Steganthera Perkins, Bot. Jahrb. 52 20. (1915) Ledermann 11412. like S. Very S. but hospitans leaves with elliptica A.C. Smith, S. oligocarpella S. villosa Kanehira & J. Am. Arbor. 22 Kanehira & feature a not seen in Bot. bear connate species a proved to be of Tetrasynandra, are Levieria nitens Perkins. 56 56 (1942) 257, (1942) 259, = = Kibara. Kairoa. TETRASYNANDRA of few flowers in which the = Mag. Tokyo specimens species below, but the filaments (1941) 236, Mag. Tokyo NOTE ON A small number of New Guinea All of these have SPECIES Bot. Hatusima, Hatusima, A may white hairs, hospitans. EXCLUDED S. long have been identified as Steganthera. stamens never are closely appressed united into and normal androecia Tetrasynandra. Some specimens of occur a column as or Steganthera even slightly in the Australian in other flowers on the same specimens. I wish as well as to a thank Mr. Don Foreman for prepared slide of the sending androecium. I barium Australiense for the loan of me am fixed flowers of also grateful to Tetrasynandra the Curator, Her- specimens. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to for identification D.S.I.R., Lincoln, Mr. of the T.P. Williams scale insects for assitance with of the Department from S. the Latin hospitans, diagnoses. of and Zoology, University to Dr. E. Edgar of of Canterbury, Botany Division