Download (Monimiaceae) widespread species exhibit is

29
BLUMEA
(1984)
481-497
of the Malesian species of Steganthera
A synopsis
(Monimiaceae)
W.R.
Department
of
Philipson
of
Botany, University
New
Canterbury, Christchurch,
Zealand
Summary
Revision
12
of
the
Malesian
names are
reduced,
3 are
of
species
to treatment in Flora
precursor
the
Malesiana.
excluded and
9
Steganthera,
genus
There
are
are
16
which
imperfectly
in
centres
5
species accepted;
are
New
Guinea;
described
as new,
known.
Introduction
The
geographical
land and
species
the
are
range of the genus Steganthera
Solomon Islands,
in
recognized
beyond
mon
Islands. S. hirsuta
Britain and
New
its
of
centre
Steganthera
the
crosses
Torres
One other species is recorded for
Besides the
ly overlap,
nea,
The
S.
widespread species
two
other
hospitans
at
few collections: S.
Six species have
S.
low
other species have
parvifolia,
to
more
S.
eastern
S.
ilicifolia
are
insculpta,
Range
1979, 315).
S.
scarce-
ranges
at
known
S.
hentyi,
elevations.
higher
from
one
and S.
chimbuensis and S.
or
very
oligantha.
still local in their distributions,
dentata, S. moszkowskii,
in
New Gui-
the main island of New Gui-
following being
cyclopensis,
extended ranges but
S. royenii,
over
moderate altitudes and S.
myrtifolia,
Iron
Queensland (Endress, Blumea 25,
limited ranges, the
S.
the
limited range in
extending
in New
only species
to
S. hirsuta and S. salomonensis whose
have ranges
species
a
Straits
ex-
the Solo-
frequent throughout
in the Moluccas and Celebes, is the
occurs
Ireland, and also
Queens-
to
in New Guinea. Sixteen
in New Guinea. Three
occur
salomonensis is
Queensland. S. australiana of Queensland also has
nea.
extends from Celebes
diversity
this revision, all of which
New Guinea.
tend
with
namely
fasciculata
(fig- 1).
All the
they
may
that
event
widespread
eventually
species
be found
this outline of
tails of this
variability
are
ilicifolia,
to
considerable
include local
geographical
taxa
variation, and it is possible
which
distribution would
warrant
specific
that
rank. In
require modification.
De-
given under the species concerned, but it may be said here
that the patterns of variation,
suta, S.
exhibit
especially
in the group of
closely
linked species S. hir-
S. australiana and S. chimbuensis, suggest that the process of
tion is far from stabilization. For this
reason,
no
specia-
attempt has been made in the key
to
482
Fig.
BLUMEA
1.
Distribution
clopensis;
4.
+
hentyi;
S.
of
some
fasciculata;
S.
�
parvifolia;
the
species,
excessive
to
This
family
difficulty
mentary
they regard
flowers. The
as
■
S.
myrtifolia.
dentata;
S.
hospitans,
S.
distinguishing
in the
of
recognition
7. S.
The
specimens.
infructescence,
the
being
diligent
search for flowers of both
distributions
most
characters is
not
collect,
in
to
foliage,
fined
the
junction
they
between
dry
genera
are
not
readily
are
mostly
to a
most
is
this indication is
must
so
be
pedicel
receptacle
brown when
or
the
frag-
realize that what
fact, fully
most
mature
collect-
In all
species.
cases
a
common
are
and
widely
—
they
are,
thickened and
stamens
usually
dis-
similar. The techni-
are
allow
firstly,
glandular
in the androea
generic iden-
important of these is the appearance of the pedicel:
relatively
the
(when dry),
brown
widely
Similar
species.
is the
observable
other features
or
slender and is
is
thickened
none
at
all.
clearly
distally
dry. Thirdly,
(until
given only tentatively).
in
Kibara,
the achenes of
while those of Kibara
fawn colour
distinct from the recep-
and has
a
less
clearly
de-
Another useful indication is that
usually dry greenish (often yellowish green)
and verruculose
often
the
in
and, secondly, the greater number of
pedicel
with
are,
fruits and inflorescences
salomonensis). However,
whereas in Kibara
the leaves
thera
tepals
be made. The
Steganthera
tacle,
not
confused with Kibara, another
frequently
female receptacle,
(but
four
is essential.
sexes
in Kibara, certain of which
tification
the
aggregated by
conspicuous feature,
discriminating
two
S.
of
cy-
• s.
royenii;
not shown.
do
frequently
the greater number of
see
8. S.
Palmeria and Matthaea,
cal differences between these
cium
3. S.
chimbuensis;
features for these four
diagnostic
for
relatively unimportant
tributed genus, because the
in the
2. S.
oligantha;
salomonensis) are
Collectors
flower-buds, and therefore do
is
australiana;
least in Malesia.
it
Steganthera
1984
moszkowskii;
found in Levieria,
ed, but
is
2,
1. S.
S.
been
at
Steganthera.
No.
6.
ilicifolia,
of many
nature
of
29,
insculpta;
absolute
provide
variation has
in this
general
S.
S.
S.
spread species (S. hirsuta,
species
5.
VOL.
-
appear
to
be
whereas in
Steganthera
mostly
Stegan-
are
black
smoother and
Kibara has been studied in
detail
greater
W. R.
It
was
cious
and
also
salomonensis. The
the
because of
androecium of
(or
another and each
has
4
free,
Wilkiea
stamens
bearing
smaller
in
whorl
stamens.
All the
more
absence
of
of these
but
usually,
anthers open
that found in Kibara, but
to
(usually
stamens
by
on
of
S.
of
nature
comprise
to
free
from
a
one
Tetrasynandra
united into
are
a
has
column.
distributed over the
of the
consisting
a
usual
4
variable number of
in the female
tepals
them, clearly
to
for the
by allowing
and
receptacle
the
excludes the inclusion of S. salo-
modify
the
important diag-
of
occurrence
an
inner whorl
stamens.
The species of
One
is
gated
as
is
set
cies which
and
valid
by
of the female, and
S.
but Kanehira and Hatusima
for uniting the
species
two
of the first
combine
is
a
two
groups
These
species.
are
globose,
Nomenclatural problems
species
were
two
specific
lost and
rank.
no
names
arise
during
type
to
S.
are
known.
ilicifolia
of the
earliest
species
number of spe-
a
now
Most
not
because
the type
are
not
defined. S.
discoid
reduced
accepted
to
reason
hospitans
dentata
and
receptacles
and S.
with S.
oligantha
of these
would
the differences between them
of the
probably
to
the
most
on-
as
of
but where the type has been
has often been
if specimens of them could be
attributable
the
hirsuta.
specimens of many of the earlier
synonymy,
several
not
given
species the expansion of the
hybridity
to
which has
species
clearly
with
morphologically
complex
a
the Second World War. Janet Perkins had available
For this
name
that is, the
well defined
some
in S.
examples,
other authentic material exists, it
conclusively.
insufficiently
some
Several
groups. In
but this may be due
small number of collections and she
a
the
destroyed
segre-
dioecious. The
by being
three groups of
fasciculate inflorescences
variable character; for
male flower may be
also the
was
(Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56,
both these characters;
lacking
extent
formerly
genera. A second group of spe-
whereas those of the third group form
therefore fall into both of the first
receptacle
lesser
inflorescences. It includes
cymose
in
itself into stable
cyclopensis
a
This group
formal taxonomic recognition because their limits are
and
morphological grounds.
to
separate, including S. hirsuta which is very variable in all
to
species
geographically,
yet resolved
reasons
receptacles
The
in three groups on
placed
their fasciculate inflorescences and
those
difficult
are
be
patelliform receptacle.
or
Anthobembix,
comprises
its characters.
can
expansion
turbinate
out
sub-globose
the
by
characterized
third group
have
a
the genus
1942, 256)
cies
Steganthera
characterized
male flower into
ly
the
horizontal slits. This arrangement is similar
monensis from Kibara. It has therefore been necessary
nostic character of the androecium
in
stamens
horizontal slits. The androe-
by
always, enclosing
the number of
glandular thickenings
are
more)
or
descriptions,
not
by
being
vertical slits.
8
include dioe-
to
horizontal slit. Matthaea also
single
and the anthers open
receptacle,
outer
an
a
two
but the 4 filaments
Steganthera
variable number of
a
by
open
defined
are
the filaments
pairs),
opening by
Steganthera
the number of
in
has been considered
Steganthera
dicussate
anther
cium of S. salomonensis fits
stamens
2
its anthers
those of
to
surface of the
inner
an
but
stamens,
anthers similar
found
Malesian genera of the Mollinedieae
whorl of 4
483
species of Steganthera
variations
androecium. The
single
In
Malesian
extend the definitionof the genus
to
necessary
species
Philipson:
early
impossible
names
be referable
are
to
to
interpret
listed here
as
S. hirsuta and
found. It is unfortunate that the
common
species,
S.
hirsuta,
has
484
Fig.
BLUMEA
2.
Inflorescences
peduncles, the
the
c,
pedicels
been
5388).
closely
ending
Smith's
The
seen
but
name
d.
a
VOL.
salomonensis.
29,
a.
with two female
purely
female
No.
2,
1984
A cauliflorous
flowers; b,
c.
inflorescence
(a.
with
purely
BSIP
name
is
adopted
because
a
several
male
10575;
principal
inflorescences,
b. NGF
28733;
later collection identified
and because later collections from the
original description.
it
may
would
because
the
yet prove
have
to
identity
be
The
to
be
name
S.
reduced
to
same
region
as
schlechteri is treated
conspecific
with
S.
synonymy.
as
ilicifolia.
That
by
the type
course
insuf-
In
is
that
not
of S. schlechteri remains
and its
very uncertain
adopted
here,
type
collected below the usual altitudinalrange of S.
was
panicle
two
x ½.
with the
ficiently known,
event
All
available.
Perkins has been
agree
Steganthera
mostly clustered;
d. Schodde
not
of
central rhachis
-
ilicifolia.
An
may
crement
growth
basal
terminal bud
a
the
then
resumes
of the
part
The
the
throughout
occur
inflorescences
forms enclosed
by
devoid of
a
few
foliage
of
pairs
perulae
a
basal leafless
to
appear
minute and often
rescences
to
be borne
last
pair
Endress
by
of the
because
of leaves of the
they
terminal,
may
appear
cles.
This terminal bud
nal,
the
or
bud
inflorescences
be borne
The
obvious.
previous growth
may
or
even on
the
sites,
same
flowers,
cies
internodes between the ultimate branches
pressed,
arise
the
at
hentyi,
so
S.
that
dichasia,
they
same
occur
The association of
larged
nodes
line the
pith
simple pleiochasia
to
in
fascicles.
level, resulting
dentata and S.
with
stems.
species
S.
The
increment
pedun-
apparently
termi-
their lateral
case
S. salomonensis,
additional
that flowers continue
to
or
cymose
(especially
Ultimately
all
the
the
pedicels)
pedicels
slightly
In several spe-
panicles.
are
sup-
may appear
fasciculata,
to
S.
cyclopense.
some
species with
well-defined pores
association is
hospitans,
growth
a
in the fasciculate inflorescences of S.
cavities and small black
hollow
of leaves.
pair
of
of the inflorescence is cymose. This may vary from
branching pattern
the
well above the
branches.
large
terminal
or
perulae
below such inflo-
which
in
so
in-
are
for the Australian spe-
one
leaf-pair
notably
species,
at
the
be detected between the
growth increment,
arise
the
(since
when the inflorescences remain
several
In
can
elongate,
increment. This arrange-
(Blumea 25,1979, 316)
terminal bud
new
subsequently
older twigs,
on
a
may abort,
produce
may
becomes
position
usually
not
previous growth
on stems
appear
in the axils of the last
occur
but
do
perulae elongate,
species given
cies, S. macooraia, where each growth increment bears only
Inflorescences which
the
that
in the axils of
or
perulae
of shoots
portions
diagnoses
supra-axillary,
has been illustrated
ment
on
In the
caducous).
described as
are
insertion of the
the bare
so
portion.
arise in the axils of the last leaves of the
increment. On the other hand, if the internodes between the
florescences
elongate
may
if the internodes between the
case,
When
perulae (cataphylls).
lateral, either in the axils of foliage leaves
inflorescences appear
and
species
leaves. The buds of lateral branches
and may also have
perulae
are
In the latter
perulae.
has been observed in several
morphology
the genus. Growth is intermittent. At the end of each in-
shoot is
new
485
species of Steganthera
internodes between these
enclosed in
similarly
are
of shoot
interesting type
well
Malesian
Philipson:
W. R.
but
also
most
occurs
ants
is
leading
ants
very
abound
conspicuous
in
the
These
striking.
into the
over
hollow
the
the
in
species
plant
surface
en-
insects
and in
the
and abundant
large-leaved
species S. moszkowskii,
have
Scale
stems.
S. ledermannii
and S. royenii.
Pollination
several
anthers
problems.
dehisce,
receptacles
female
are
but
Kibara and
the
is
male
it is not
by
even
stigmas.
some
not
has
The
covered
receptacle
len reaches
tacle
biology
been studied and the
receptacles
structure
of the
known what insects visit them. The
the
'calyptra'
smaller than
These
other genera
are
at
anthesis.
is
giving
not
poses
the time the
in
the female
access
to
known how
the
pol-
and converge towards the ostiole.
is received
(Endress, Experientia 35, 1979, 45)
it
at
carpels
The ostiole
that of the male and
awl-shaped
pollen
receptacles
have open, if small, ostioles
on
but this is
a
hypostigma
not
so
in
In
outside the recep-
Steganthera.
486
BLUMEA
VOL.
-
No.
29,
1984
2,
STEGANTHERA
Bot.
Steganthera Perkins,
Bot.
(1911) 20;
33.
zig (1925)
Trees
or
pubescent
ary
-
with 4 small
first,
scissing
larger
as
buds with
glabrous awl-shaped.
2
3
after anthesis
to
Achenes sessile
TO
Female inflorescence
Female inflorescence sub-sessile
a.
Male inflorescence umbellate
b.
Male inflorescence of dichasia,
a.
Leaves
New
Papua
b.
Male
b.
Male
a.
Leaves
dentate, principal second-
a
or
dioecious.
turbinate
second
(inner)
Inflores-
patelliform,
or
whorl of 1—4
horizontal slit. Female flowers similar
by
4
tepals,
carpels;
numerous
the
upper
pubescent; style
ovary
2
pedunculate
16. S.
insculpta
(fig. 3)
3
pleiochasia
6
panicles (figs. 2-4)
or
under
100 mm
long;
W.
Sepik Prov.,
Guinea)
1.
narrowly elliptic (mostly
to
to
halfab-
long stipitate.
broadly elliptic (mostly
Leaves oblanceolate
4a.
with
49
THE MALESIAN SPECIES
a.
to
reveal
or
b.
elliptic
single
a
or
flowers globose,
rarely
or
smaller ostiole surrounded
a
KEY
1
(5),
opening by
and with
calyptra
a
Monoecious
4
Heft
simple, opposite, exstipulate,
within the
margin.
ibid.
(1901) 52;
567.
(1895)
Leaves
cataphylls.
4
entire
(3)
stamens
25
Heft
Gattungen der Monimiaceae, Leip-
iiber die
Bot. Jahrb.
fasciculate. Male
or
Pflanzenreich
Ubersicht
becoming glabrous,
meeting
cymose
tepals,
(1898) 564;
Perkins,
sometimes
stamens; anthers
male but
25
(1915) 197;
shrubs, resting
at
lateral,
smaller
52
Anthobembix
veins arched and
cence
Jahrb.
Jahrb.
receptacle globose (figs. 2—4) (Papua
New
over
100
Guinea,
mm
east
long)
S.
hentyi
4
....
of 146°30' E)
2. S. fasciculata
5
6
discoid
receptacle
narrower
5
than 45
b.
Leaves wider than 70
a.
Pedicels of male flowers
mm
mm
7
a.
Nodes
dilated,
b. Nodes
8
a.
Male
b. Male
9a.
with
a
irregular
*
7
10
s
ants
8
(West Irian)
ants
9
5. S.
receptacle
Leaves
large*,
New
Leaves
turbinate with
inflorescence
Guinea,
smaller
(to
east
of
100
a
4-lobed
apical
with
stout
large
discoid
mm
long),
New
Guinea)
Islands)
small
leaves
Islands
and
slender
pedicels
15. S. australiana
11
Receptacles globose (or only slightly depressed)
Solomon
....
turbinate
Receptacles
the
6. S. moszkowskii
(Solomon
inflorescence small with
a.
Rarely (in
pedicels
royenii
7. S. salomonensis
b.
or
disc
48°30' E)
(Wau, Goilala, Moresby Provinces, Papua
10
(fig. 2)
mostly solitary
pore inhabited by
harbouring
clusters
receptacle globose
Papua
b.
not
in
cyclopensis
4. S. dentata
(West Irian)
mostly
b. Pedicels of male flowers
3. S.
(West Irian)
occur
on
stunted individuals.
14
W.
11a.
Leaves 200
b.
Leaves
R.
long
mm
Malesian
487
species of Steganthera
8. S.
longer (widely distributed)
or
12
leaf 60
1-2-flowered,
mm
of shorter
long
9. S.
Male inflorescence with
more
flowers, leaf over 60
Male
receptacle
b.
Male
receptacle patelliform (Central Prov., Papua
14 a.
Leaves
turbinate (West Irian, W.
moderate
usually
tributed, mainly
b.
Leaves
(usually
above
bu and E.
2450
reaching
under 150
1200
10. S.
parvifolia
U.S.
oligantha
and entire
narrow
210
to
mm),
usual-
(widely distributed,
13. S. ilicifolia
m)
mm
dis-
(widely
12. S. hirsuta
m)
but up
long,
mm
13
Guinea)
Guinea)
long)
mm
often dentate, but also entire, when
Leaves 50—100
c.
lower altitudes, but
variable in size
ly coriaceous,
usually
at
large (100-320
to
New
New
myrtifolia
long
mm
Sepik, Papua
13 a.
Iden-
(West Irian,
burg R.)
b.
hospitans
shorter
considerably
Male inflorescence
12 a.
Philipson:
long, coriaceous,
Highland Provinces, Papua
more or
less rugose,
margin
entire
New Guinea, above about 2400
(Chim-
m)
14. S. chimbuensis
d. Leaves
50-100
long,
mm
entire of dentate
chartaceous,
Goilala and
(Wau,
narrowly
usually
elliptic, acuminate,
Moresby Provinces, Papua
New
Guinea)
15. S. australiana
1. Steganthera hentyi Philipson,
Arbor
parva ad
? Dioecia.
mm.
gracilis
6
m
tata.
strigosis.
—
Ty
p
u
nov.
ramulis dense
alta,
Inflorescentiae axillares vel
Flos
ignotus.
mas
s: Henty
Flos
Folia
strigosis.
80—90
elliptica
x
30-40
supra-axillares, sub-umbellatae, pedicellis
femineus
sub-globosus,
strigosus,
c.
3—4
numerosis, ovario dense strigoso. Achenia breve stipi-
diam., tepalis 4, carpellis
mm
spec.
& Foreman NGF 42688
(L),
Kokomo
Creek, tributary
of
Frieda R.
Distribution.
Fig.
New
Papua
Guinea.
West
Sepik
Province,
Telefomin District.
1.
Ecology. Primary
Note. The
leaf,
and
small
lower
the fasciculate
valley forest,
montane
leaves with
appressed
inflorescences
hairs
at
on
500
m.
the veins of the underside of the
distinctive. The
are
flowers
are
described
as
pink.
2.
Steganthera
fasciculata
Arbor parva ad
elliptica,
m
alta,
130—200(—300)
supra-axillares;
bus,
12
Philipson,
femineus
mas
1—2
x
spec.
ramulis
Flos femineus crateriformis,
Flos
c.
mas
12
-
Fig.
pubescentibus.
34—70(—90)
sub-umbellatae,
florae.
nov.
mm.
10-20
Folia oblanceolata ad
anguste-
Dioecia.
Inflorescentiae axillares vel
florae, pedicellis
globosus,
mm
3.
4-5
mm
gracilibus, pubescenti-
diam.; tepala
4; stamina 4.
diam.; tepalis 4, carpellis numerosis. Achenia
488
Fig.
BLUMEA
3.
lipson
x
5;
four
Steganthera fasciculata.
& Kairo
c.
3642), x ½; b.
inflorescence
stipitate
achenes
a.
Branch
male
of female
-
with
flower,
flowers
(Pratt 1082),x ½.
VOL.
29,
No.
2,
sub-umbellate
external view
( Philipson
&
1984
inflorescence
and in
Kairo
section
of male
(Philipson
3641), x½;
flowers
& Kairo
(Phi-
3643),
d. infructescence
with
W.
stipitata.
1200
Ty
—
pus:
16-7-79
m,
Guinea.
Milne Bay
42
x
ad 3
mm.
altus,
m
Achenia
8
boko and Mt
and the
cream
15
c.
primary Nothofagus
Note. Similar
to
leaves. The flowers
4.
ton)
dentata
Kanehira &
3668
Valeton,
lower
Dep. Agric.
Mag. Tokyo
discoideus vel
mas
Ecology.
Note. The
short-petioled
distinctive. A
are
yellow.
orange
or
in
one
collection
at
a
has
forest,
56
pale
1200—1340 m.
orange.
Hatusima
Ind.
Neerl.
(1942)
10
(1907)
13.
S.
-
with
(Kalkman
spreading
are
BW
not
been
possible
to
primary
and
secondary
branches. The flowers
considerably
6411)
c.
3588,
4
m
ad 290
paniculata,
2—2.5
mm
near
Fig.
1.
forest.
narrower
where the
more
are
described
as
red,
than the connective
except
anthers
widely gaping
no
may
be
longer turgid.
determine whether male and female flowers
Steganthera royenii Philipson,
elliptica
(Vale-
occur
on
It
the
separate plants.
or on
Frutex
dentata
257.
sub-sessile leaves and fasciculate male inflorescences
or
anthers
m)
in
lanceolate
smaller, usually
stage after anthesis with the lateral lobes of the connective
same
5.
shrub
The
(to
160
ignotus.
saddle between Mt Ba-
Distribution. West New Guinea, Northern and Southern Districts.
At low altitudes
ad
anguste-elliptica,
1.
Fig.
montane
Kanehira &
Bull.
Bot.
Hatusima,
red.
Ormoe.
to
described as carmine and
(Valeton)
torus
Flos
(L),
dentata in many respects, but with
are
dentata
Steganthera
Anthobembix
S.
m.
stamina 4. Flos femineus
Royen
Distribution. West Irian. Northern District.
In
of Mt Suck-
supra-axillares, sub-umbellatae,
longis.
mm
tepala 4;
van
from Ifar
mature
Folia oblanceolata ad
strigosis.
Ty pu s:
—
east
nov.
spec.
diam., pubescens;
mm
Merariboch, path
Ecology.
Wau; Northern Prov-
District,
(Daga lang.).
greenish
are
ramulis
videtur sessilia.
ut
near
Raba Raba
? Dioecius. Inflorescentiae axillares vel
c.
Wau,
near
1.
Fig.
12-florae, pedicellis gracilibus, strigosis,
c.
patelliformis,
Mt Missim
Prov.,
Morobe Province,
Province,
Mamkananeh
name.
The young flowers
Frutex
Morobe
lower mountainrain forest from 365—1200
Steganthera cyclopensis Philipson,
170
489
species of Steganthera
3641,
Island.
Goodenough
Ecology. Primary
3.
New
Range;
Esa'ala District,
Note.
Malesian
& Kairo
Philipson
Papua
Distribution.
Vernacular
Philipson:
(L).
ince, Hydrographers
ling,
R.
x
altus,
111
40-50
ramulis
mm.
mm
diam. Flos
spec.
pubescentibus,
nodis dilatatis
porosis.
Monoecia. Inflorescentiae axillares vel
longae,
pedicellis
femineus
Steenkool (L).
nov.
ignotus.
gracilibus
Achenia
fasciculatis.
stipitata.
—
Folia
oblongo-
supra-axillares,
Flos
mas
Typus:
late
globosus,
van
Royen
490
BLUMEA
Distribution. West
of the
habited
by
low-lying primary forest,
In
1200
to
The
m.
flowers lack
(van Roy en
the
cences
being
6.
34
in
hospitans
the
ultimate branches
is
species
described
(Perkins)
of male
solely
moszkowskii
moszkowskii
Kanehira
of the
&
Note. The
male
Hedycarya
Perkins,
22
Cape Rodney.
ville. Also
on
56
(1942)
are
of the
possibility
sexes
(1911)
26.
S.
-
moszkowskii
255.
1.
Fig.
low altitude.
with four rounded lobes
apparently
are
Kew
Hemsley,
Papua
Milne
inhabited
radiating
by
from the
which
ants
gain
apex, is
entrance
Philipson,
Bull.
(1895)
more
or
New
Guinea.
to
750
crater
rim
is open
variation
less
m
in
to
to
S.
-
Fig.
2.
suberoso-alata
Kosterm.,
Gard.
District
Kupiano
east
of
occurs,
San Cristobal and Rennell I.
primary
on
one
and with clusters
more
or
and
of many
glabrous,
the New
Georgia Group
doubt, though
being
diffuse
lowland rain
a
handsome
panicles
stipitate
specimens, including
less
secondary
on
achenes
so
higher
altitudes.
with
tree
leafy twigs
(=
or
and
S. suberoso-
the type, have smaller,
and have fruits with few
are
forest;
ridges.
extreme
The latter form is characteristic of
in
-
nov.
Province;
brown-pubescent below,
other hand many
achene.
137.
Central
the Solomon Islands
the older stems,
On the
comb.
Bay Province; Raba Raba, Esa-ala and Misima Districts. Bougain-
From sea-level
leaves which become
dry
at
coral debris and in stunted forest
large leaves,
species
these
445.
(1968)
Note. Considerable
a
in rain forest
receptacle,
throughout
Ecology.
stipitate
as
certain. All the inflores-
not
Heft 49 Nachtr.
Mag. Tokyo
salomonensis (Hemsl.)
Distribution.
alata).
However,
not
collection
Kanehira & Hatusima
Pflanzenreich
Bot.
swollen nodes
salomonensis
Sing.
on
one
male
have
pores.
Steganthera
also
receptacles
monoecious because
which suggests the
flowers,
(Perkins)
Hatusima,
Understorey
distinctive. The
in scrub
in-
but the
distinctive. The
but female
receptacle
possibly
as
vegetative parts,
inflorescence is
Distribution. West New Guinea. Northern District.
Ecology.
Bull.
sea-
are
dialect).
appearance of its
the monoecious condition is
branches,
consist
Anthobembix
7.
swollen nodes
separate plants.
Steganthera
through
portions
from
periodically flooded,
bears male inflorescences and also old fruits.
78)
same
seen
on
sometimes
which includes
area
1.
Fig.
the fruit black. The
yellow,
are
disc-like extension of the
any
This
seen.
S.
to
of the
arrangement
on
restricted
a
Sirochomenwhah (Manikiong
name.
Note. Similar
not
flowers
1984
2,
ants.
Vernacular
been
Irian, occurring in
No.
29,
Northern and Southern Districts.
Vogelkop,
Ecology.
level
VOL.
-
greener
even a
Specimens
single
from
stunted that their inclusion in this
intermediate forms
occur.
A number of local forms
W. R.
found
are
Misima
Sudest
The
Island
margins
represent
on
saplings
Guinea
coarsely
distinct
a
to
the
occurs
I.
on
(Fergusson
leaves,
serrate
but
species,
leaf-
serrate
suckers, and the flowers and in-
or
quite typical of S. salomonensis.
Kanehira &
Steganthera hospitans (Becc.)
hira &
of New
with
these,
This may
491
species of Steganthera
end
eastern
distinctive of
elsewhere, especially
are
Anthobembix
S.
islands off the
most
(Brass 28133).
occur
florescences
8.
the
on
I.).
Malesian
Philipson:
Bot. Jahrb.
hospitans (Becc.) Perkins,
Hatusima,
Mag. Tokyo
Bot.
Pflanzenreich
insignis Perkins,
Distribution.
56
New
25
567.
(1898)
S.
-
hospitans (Becc.)
Kane-
255.
(1942)
Heft 49 Nachtr.
Throughout
Hatusima
24.
(1911)
from
Guinea,
Vogelkop
to
the
to
moderate
east,
including
Solomon Islands.
In
Ecology.
but
reaching
rain forest and second
primary
1200
Vernacular
like discs of
with
a
a
Eppareppar
names.
female
soft
at
low
soreng
Adelbert
(Rawa lang.,
receptacles
Adelbert
(Utu lang.,
colour. The male
butter-yellow
variable extension of the rim:
as
S. insignis
possible
frequent,
are
shrubs,
by
are
and
Perkins
in
some
Range);
receptacles
hybrids
begun
tacle
becomes succulent
(Adeyrodidae)
and
myrtifolia
A.C.
J. Am. Arbor.
Smith,
fruit,
22
In mossy forest
Note. Known
only
at
2150
from the
chartaceous entire leaves
have
a
identiIt is
with lanceolate leaves
stems
and
many smallblack
the ripe achenes
comb.
more
adult
swollen nodes
ants.
are
The recep-
purple-black.
nov.
238.
River.
Idenburg
Fig.
1.
m.
original
two
specimens
unmistakable among
are
specimens
the lower parts of
(1941)
Distribution. West Irian, Northern Division.
Ecology.
on
by
Steganthera myrtifolia (A.C. Smith) Philipson,
Anthobembix
smaller,
receptacles
in the
juvenile plants
and
orange in
bright
as
flowers. The hollow
produce
to
into button-
greener and
are
her in Anthobembix hospitans).
(originally placed by
this type of leaf may be found
which have
(Kutubu lang.).
wasa
the male
specimens
with S. hirsuta. Sterile
inhabited by scale insects
are
9.
these
Range); oloni, wolonyik
striking, being broadly expanded
are
broadly expanded rim, but in others the rim may be obsolete,
fied
altitudes,
m.
(Waskuk lang., Ambunti);
Note. The
growth
collected
species
with
a
by
Brass. The small
disc-like male
recep-
tacle.
10.
Steganthera parvifolia (Perkins)
Anthobembix
Hatusima,
Anthobembix
hira &
parvifolia Perkins,
Bot.
Mag. Tokyo
brassii
Hatusima,
A.C.
Bot.
Bot. Jahrb.
56
Smith,
Kanehira & Hatusima
(1942)
J.
52
Arn. Arbor.
Mag. Tokyo
56
(1915)
205.
-
S.
parvifolia (Perkins)
Kanehira &
257.
(1942)
32
261.
(1941)
239.
-
S.
brassii
(A.C. Smith)
Kane-
492
Fig.
BLUMEA
4. Branch
smaller
of
Steganthera
hirsuta
male. The terminal bud
-
VOL/29,
No.
2,
1984
with
axillary pleiochasia.
has not yet
developed (Philipson
The
larger
& Kairo
flowers
3657).
are
female, the
W. R.
Distribution. West
mek
New
493
species of Steganthera
Arfak Mts;
Guinea, Vogelkop,
Southern District,
Valley;
Malesian
Philipson:
Lake Habbema.
Northern District,
New Guinea, West
Papua
Eipo-
Sepik
Prov-
ince, Telefomin District. Fig. 1.
Ecology.
Note. The
contrasts
on
leaves
11.
primary
disc-like
glabrous
outer
pilose
colouration. The
than
the
&
Bot.
Mag. Tokyo
Distribution.
region. Fig.
surface
upper
material
from
Bot.
56
Jahrb.
of both
male and female
receptacle
it
in dried material in which
the West
Province
Sepik
are
has
described
takes
narrower
yellow.
as
25
(1895)
568.
S.
-
oligantha (Perkins)
Kanehira
257.
(1942)
New
Papua
1900—2800 m.
forest,
Kanehira & Hatusima
Guinea. Central
Province,
Moresby
District,
Sogeri
1.
Ecology.
Forest between 900 and 1600
Notes. A
large
with
tree
slender twigs,
lections of Forbes made in 1855—6 and
Other collections from
5667).
rain
type, but otherwise conforms. The flowers
oligantha Perkins,
Hatusima,
montane
surface, especially
Steganthera oligantha (Perkins)
Anthobembix
lower
(Telefomin Dist., Bulindup).
Bobinok
name.
with the
black
a
of
Understorey
Vernacular
but the male
receptacles
The female flowers
one
These may be
described
as
certainly only
recent
match the
hybrids
bright yellow
from the three col-
collection from
region closely
same
globose.
are
are
the
m.
known
Efogi (Schodde
foliage
and
fruit,
with S. hirsuta.
and the fruit
as
black
on
orange
stipes.
12.
Kibara
(?)
(1898)
S.
hirsuta (Warb.) Perkins
Steganthera
hirsuta
Warb.,
Jahib.
warburgii Perkins,
Bot. Jahrb.
Perkins,
oblongiflora Perkins,
S.
fengeriana Perkins,
S.
oblongifolia Perkins,
S.
crispula Perkins,
torricellensis
S.
riparia
Perkins,
Kanehira
25
&
S.
hirsuta
(Warb.) Perkins,
Bot. Jahrb.
25
Bay
Bot. Jahrb.
52
Bot.
An
(1901)
54.
21.
(1911)
(1915)
W.
throughout
also
to
(1942)
on
259.
Buru,
Ceram
the island from
Manus I., New
(Ambon),
Vogelkop
Halma-
Peninsula
to
Britain and New Ireland.
Range).
understorey
forest up
56
Moluccas:
Kraeng.
(Mt Suckling),
Iron
199.
Mag. Tokyo
Aru. New Guinea:
(Queensland,
montane
Heft 4
Heft 49
I.e. 21.
Hatusima,
Province
Ecology.
564.
I.e. 566.
Distribution. Sulawesi:
(Ternate),
(1898)
Pflanzenreich
buergersiana Perkins,
lower
-
I.e. 565.
Pflanzenreich
S.
Australia
316.
I.e. 566.
S.
Milne
(1891)
I.e. 565.
thyrsiflora Perkins,
S.
hera
13
567.
S. schumanniana
S.
Bot.
4.
Fig.
-
tree
2450
in rain
m.
forest, mostly
It is recorded from
at
low altitudes, but also in
seasonally
inundated swamps
494
BLUMEA
and from
also be
forest.
ridge
Vernacular
kubal
jem,
New
(S.
pae
(Tomba),
with
tree
described
as
a
spreading
a
mankanane
(Bembi),
(Moeswaar I.),
(Enga),
kamokam
(Mt Suckling),
met-
Britain), ongupin-
New
(Madang),
sap
it may
crown,
liane.
(Jal), kamakama,
imaitru
kwaffel
(Naho), tangitang
sore
(Rawa), tugwambi (Wagu), tunngacook (Wein),
tsohren
(Kutubu),
is
1984
2,
(Kainantu), napiwa (Talasea,
sakoboe
Britain),
tonona
(Wagu),
(Koropa),
namelawe
(Waskuk),
No.
29,
moderate-sized
a
occasionally
Gwa
names.
kuraili
(Madang),
mey
Usually
shrub and
straggling
a
VOL.
-
vingi-vingi (Bayer R.), waluwali-i (Gogodala).
The
Uses.
New
Papua
wood
for
used
clubs
(Isago
Balimo Dist.,
village,
tobacco rolled in the leaves
Guinea). Pipe
(Butemu
Western Province,
village,
Saidor Dist.,
Madang Province, P.N.G.).
Notes. The
of these forms
segregation
any
the
different forms
within the
geographical
a
and
complex
the
prominence;
the presence
combinations of character
the
belief that
is
ample
ing veins)
of the
and
play
all
proportionately
practical
the
must
finally
hairy
leaves
frequently
Western
The
achenes
rely
(and
east
more
young
with
persistence
one
male
shape
of the
thickness
in the
the achenes. Some
region,
is
thyrsiflora
Districts
which
An
ex-
with small
receptacles
few, sharply
is
so
that
most
ascend-
that
field work.
or
also
less
a
it
and
frequent
and with
the character
distinctions
specific
herbarium material is that
so
to
of Morobe Province. This
However,
cavities.
more
encouraging
recognizable.
leaves with
glabrous
mar-
of the
definitive
Another
sessile
found from
cannot
be
of this
main-
densely
has been collected
Owen
Stanley
dis-
complex
distinctive form with
the
recep-
intergrade
specimens rarely
treatment
achenes)
in the
form has
globose
states
occur-
Range
most
to
the
Province.
foliage
borne
but
in
become
to
plant:
absence of
or
and wall
spreading principal veins,
with
extensive
on
often
of Wau,
Highlands
are
Lae
characters,
significant
frequently
applied
appear distinctive
District of Morobe Province. Similar
larger
difficulty
and
stipes bearing
eventually
approaches
of the Northern and Central Provinces and
parts
different combinations,
in
occur
tained. A
with
leaves
glabrous
less
named S.
and
Wau, Mumeng
neighbouring
may
cavity
It is fre-
features of the
most
development
of the
occur
more or
Manyamya
form
certainly
effects
less
even
m.
been
of the inflorescence; the size and
may
upland
have
names
oblongiflora (with elliptical
the
is the
ring sympatrically
tacles with
in
occurs
degree
length
segregate species
narrowly elliptical,
that
adjacent parts
broader
and
states
form named S.
the
cavities and
local
of
2450
to
collections of it
of these
some
the ratio between the
receptacles;
and
flower;
sea-level
specific
be
that
so
from Celebes almost
extending
range
to
this stage,
be
cannot
intermediates
by
principal veins; the presence
indumentum; the degree of branching
male and female
at
seem,
compared. Variability
are
size and the pattern of the
teeth and their
male
would
species
combined. Several
species
until intermediate forms
ginal
be connected
its range, and the number of separate
quent throughout
shape,
included within this species
to
limit of New Guinea, and reaches from
eastern
that of all the other
leaf
appear
as
This aggregate has
satisfactory.
to
number of different forms
satisfactory, yet they
considered
on
is
pinkish;
red, yellow
or
the
flowers
orange
are
cream
receptacles.
coloured; and
the black
W. R.
13.
S.
A.C.
Smith,
J. Am.
Arbor.
22
Distribution. New Guinea.
1200
m
to
Province
in West
Madang
with
A
(Ialibu),
Mt
and
I.
at
900
westwards
m)
far
as
above
usually
from Milne
Province)
Bay
the Star and Carstensz
as
the mountains north of the Huon
shrub
Castanopsis )
small
or
Gulf in Morobe
(Flagen),
in lower mountain forest
tree
in thickets
or
Agubporombigl
names.
the forest
at
genzphora,
margin.
iganaphore
(Tairoa
kamokam, kamokum (Enga lang.), kamokamp (Mendi lang.), kama-
kombugump
Hagen),
Uses.
the central mountains
rather lower in Central
straggling understorey
lang.), kamagam,
lang.,
235.
(1941)
Frequent along
(but
m
Irian. Also in
Nothofagus
Vernacular
kama
495
species of Steganthera
Provinces.
Ecology.
(often
3250
as
(including Fergusson
mountains
and
high
as
Malesian
ilicifolia A.C. Smith
Steganthera
ilicifolia
Philipson:
soreng
Provides
(Togoba),
(Nako lang.),
stakes
for
yambo (Maring), pundpunda
munne
toin bekl
general
(Melpa
(Togoba), yuri (Minj).
purposes, e.g.
for
house
for
building,
digging
sticks and for firewood.
Notes. A
times
common
attaining
shape,
but
tree
the
and
dentations become fewer
often
lanceolate leaves.
distinguished
pink,
from
the flowers
The flowers
14.
Frutex
vel
axillares,
tepalis
et
Hoogland
1—3
few
chimbuensis
parva
50-100
minutis,
& Pullen 541
Distribution.
Philipson,
ad
mas
20
m
with
spec.
but
some-
are
the
delicate,
orange
East
are
forms
typical
the
forms with quite entire,
in
The
certainty.
less
few-
less fre-
leaf-margins
young
cannot
foliage
is
red
be
or
achenes.
bearing purple-black
galls.
nov.
ramulis
glabris.vel
minute
pubescentibus.
Monoecia. Inflorescentiae axillares vel supra-
globosus,
c.
In
with entire
specimens
alta,
mm.
carpellis
New
culminating
ripe receptacle
7(CANB).
Papua
distal branches.
deformed by insect
22-42
x
florae. Flos
ostiolo
the
of the
and the
frequently
arbor
ellipfica,
end
or
and less prominent,
A
as
small, globose male flowers. Female flowers
forms of S. hirsuta
cream,
are
Steganthera
Folia
straggling shrub,
prominent venation below is characteristic
either terminal
are
a
In its usual form the harsh dentate leaves vary in size and
flowered inflorescences with
quent and
species, usually
widespread
stature.
2—3
mm
diam. Flos femineus mari
12—20. Achenia breve
Highlands Province,
stipitata.
—
similis,
Typus:
Asaro-Mairi Div., 2400
Guinea. Chimbu Province, Kundiawa District;
m.
Eastern
Highlands Province, Goroka District. Fig. 1.
Ecology.
In
Vernacular
primary
names.
and
secondary
lower
(Chimbu,
Abangle
montane
Masul),
forest,
between 2400—2850 m.
ivananottoi
(Mairi, Watabung),
pemble (Wahgi; Minj), pogambeg (Hagen, Togoba).
Note. Similar
dentation
very
to
undersurface dries
folia.
the.more
rarely
The flowers
a
occurs
warm
are
widely spread
on a
leaf of
a
S. ilicifolia,
plant
cinnamon brown in
pale yellow;
the
achenes
but the leaves
with otherwise entire
contrast to
purple-black
are
leaves)
entire
(a
and the
the buff colour of S. ilicion an
orange
receptacle.
496
15.
S.
BLUMEA
VOL.
-
australiana C.T.
Proc.
White,
Distribution.
Soc.
Roy.
Queensland
New Guinea.
Papua
Lower
Note.
A
plant
of
show
than may
in
opposite pairs.
collected
16.
S.
twice
only
9570,
a
Ecology.
Note.
This
species
virtually
sessile
margins.
It may prove
specimen
Prov.)
same
from
locality
cymose
at
is
near
and
Guinea
characterized
the
by
leaves and delicate inflorescences,
A small
Wau has
species
richly
branched in-
specimens they
five occasions, but it has been
on
with
tree
more
whereas in the other
being clustered,
52
greenish
or
cream
flowers.
202.
(1915)
Sepik region (known only
Telefomin, Womersley
850—1600
m
distinguished
be best
to
much further
identical
to
to
from
are
not
so
from the type, Ledermann
Umba
densely hairy
east
as
1.
NGF48740). Fig.
forms
form of that
(Rau
However,
regularly dentate)
east
fertile
a
the
leaf
sterile
of Wau, Morobe
specimens
leaves have
by
the
on
because
species
99, Kaisenik,
identified as S. hirsuta
of S. hirsuta
small dentations
regular
a
those of the type.
with similar (but
inflorescences and
regarded
the
&
altitude.
female inflorescences and the
has leaves
dominated)
Nothofagus
Perkins
from
In forest
Central Prov-
dentation, and indumentum of their leaves
from
Carr collected this
Bot. Jahrb.
gathering
New
apiculate
shape,
specimen
Distribution. New Guinea.
and
and
( Castanopsis
distribution in
subsequently.
Steganthera insculpta
insculpta Perkins,
Wau District;
described from Queensland. The few New Guinea speci-
the side branches
florescences,
occur
species
in Australia. A
occur
78.
1.
less lanceolate and
variation in size,
more
(1944)
55
1000—2300 m.
restricted
more or
is identified with the
mens
forest
montane
between
growth,
small, usually
1984
2,
Morobe Province,
ince, Goilala and Moresby Districts. Fig.
Ecology.
No.
australiana C.T. White
Steganthera
second
29,
from the
long-pedunculate
(e.g. Philipson
& Kairo 3654,
3655).
INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN
Information about
any
existing
examples
SPECIES
of the
following types
would be wel-
comed.
1. S.
atepala
(1900)
2. S.
Perkins
in
Schumann &
Lauterbach,
329. Rodatz & Klink 237, Bismarck
schlechteri Perkins,
Pflanzenreich Heft
Fl.
Deutsch.
Schutzgeb.
Siidsee
Range.
49
(1911)
21. Schlechter
Mimi.
3. S.
odontophylla Perkins,
I.e. 23. Schlechter 17847,
4. S.
symplocoides Perkins,
I.e. 23. Schlechter
Kaui
Mts.
19825, Goridjoa.
17421,
near
W. R.
5. S. pycnoneura
Perkins,
Philipson:
Malesian
I.e. 23. Schlechter 19517, Maboro.
6. S.
forbesii Perkins,
I.e. 23. Forbes 608, without
7. S.
psychrotrioides
Perkins,
8. S.
alpina Perkins,
9. S. ledermannii
Jahrb. 52
Bot.
I.e. 201. Ledermann
ledermannii
locality.
198. Ledermann
(1915)
9078,
Sepik.
11968, Sepik.
Hatusima, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56 (1942) 255.
Kanehira &
(Perkins)
Anthobembix
-
497
species of Steganthera
Perkins,
Bot.
Jahrb.
52
20.
(1915)
Ledermann
11412.
like S.
Very
S.
but
hospitans
leaves with
elliptica
A.C.
Smith,
S.
oligocarpella
S.
villosa Kanehira &
J. Am. Arbor. 22
Kanehira &
feature
a
not
seen
in
Bot.
bear
connate
species
a
proved
to
be
of
Tetrasynandra,
are
Levieria nitens Perkins.
56
56
(1942) 257,
(1942) 259,
=
=
Kibara.
Kairoa.
TETRASYNANDRA
of
few flowers in which the
=
Mag. Tokyo
specimens
species
below, but the filaments
(1941) 236,
Mag. Tokyo
NOTE ON
A small number of New Guinea
All of these have
SPECIES
Bot.
Hatusima,
Hatusima,
A
may
white hairs,
hospitans.
EXCLUDED
S.
long
have been identified as
Steganthera.
stamens
never
are
closely appressed
united into
and normal androecia
Tetrasynandra.
Some specimens of
occur
a
column
as
or
Steganthera
even
slightly
in the Australian
in other flowers
on
the
same
specimens.
I wish
as
well
as
to
a
thank
Mr. Don Foreman for
prepared
slide of the
sending
androecium. I
barium Australiense for the loan of
me
am
fixed flowers of
also
grateful
to
Tetrasynandra
the Curator, Her-
specimens.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
am
grateful
to
for identification
D.S.I.R., Lincoln,
Mr.
of the
T.P. Williams
scale
insects
for assitance
with
of the
Department
from S.
the Latin
hospitans,
diagnoses.
of
and
Zoology, University
to
Dr. E.
Edgar
of
of
Canterbury,
Botany
Division