Download Astrology

book
The Evolving Universe
website
2016 - 2017
http://www.astro.rug.nl/EDUCATION/main_en.html
“In Quest of the Universe”
Fascination from facts - but also from astrophysical processes, the big picture, history, beauty .....
We’re all part of ‘our’ Universe !
Astronomy is shaped by cultural, dynamical
processes, not without controversy…
• up-to-date with latest insights and HST pictures
• well-written with excellent illustrations
• practice questions & website with on-line material
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factual knowledge in Europe
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• 14 lectures
‣ Tuesday evening 7-9 pm, Academy building
‣ Thursday afternoon 3-5 pm, Smitsborg
• 6 tutorials (2 groups)
‣ Wednesday afternoon, 3-5 pm, Zernike campus
• Observing the sky at the Blaauw Observatory
‣ depends on the weather…
• Exam
(multiple-choice, 60% of grade)
‣ Wednesday 25 January 2017, 14:00 - 17:00
‣ Thursday 13 April 2017 , 14:00 - 17:00
transferring basic knowledge needs to improve
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• 6 homework assignments
(40% of grade)
‣ hand in at start of each tutorial
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factual knowledge in Europe
gy
o
l
o
Astr
Astronomy = Astrophysics
or physics of all things extra-terrestrial
transferring basic knowledge needs to improve
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Some simple observations:
Some simple observations:
• stars rise and set,
• stars rise and set,
• the sky is divided in
• the sky is divided in
• there are ‘wandering’ stars (planets)
• there are ‘wandering’ stars (planets)
• occasionally we see a comet or a
• occasionally we see a comet or a
• sometimes we witness a (partial)
• sometimes we witness a (partial)
• we see a Milky Way with dark spots
• we see a Milky Way with dark spots
just like the Sun and the Moon
88 ‘fantastic’ constellations
moving along the zodiac (ecliptic),
just like the Sun and the Moon
shooting star (meteor)
solar or lunar eclipse
and faint fuzzy patches
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Some simple observations:
just like the Sun and the Moon
88 ‘fantastic’ constellations
moving along the zodiac (ecliptic),
just like the Sun and the Moon
shooting star (meteor)
solar or lunar eclipse
and faint fuzzy patches
10
Some simple observations:
• stars rise and set,
• stars rise and set,
• the sky is divided in
• the sky is divided in
• there are ‘wandering’ stars (planets)
• there are ‘wandering’ stars (planets)
• occasionally we see a comet or a
• occasionally we see a comet or a
• sometimes we witness a (partial)
• sometimes we witness a (partial)
• we see a Milky Way with dark spots
• we see a Milky Way with dark spots
just like the Sun and the Moon
88 ‘fantastic’ constellations
moving along the zodiac (ecliptic),
just like the Sun and the Moon
shooting star (meteor)
solar or lunar eclipse
and faint fuzzy patches
8
Some simple observations:
just like the Sun and the Moon
88 ‘fantastic’ constellations
moving along the zodiac (ecliptic),
just like the Sun and the Moon
shooting star (meteor)
solar or lunar eclipse
and faint fuzzy patches
11
Some simple observations:
• stars rise and set,
• stars rise and set,
• the sky is divided in
• the sky is divided in
• there are ‘wandering’ stars (planets)
• there are ‘wandering’ stars (planets)
• occasionally we see a comet or a
• occasionally we see a comet or a
• sometimes we witness a (partial)
• sometimes we witness a (partial)
• we see a Milky Way with dark spots
• we see a Milky Way with dark spots
just like the Sun and the Moon
88 ‘fantastic’ constellations
moving along the zodiac (ecliptic),
just like the Sun and the Moon
shooting star (meteor)
solar or lunar eclipse
and faint fuzzy patches
9
just like the Sun and the Moon
88 ‘fantastic’ constellations
moving along the zodiac (ecliptic),
just like the Sun and the Moon
shooting star (meteor)
solar or lunar eclipse
and faint fuzzy patches
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Let’s take off !
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A first exploration ...
http://spotthestation.nasa.gov
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Alkaid
Mizar/Alcor
Alioth
Megrez
Dubhe
Phecda
Merak
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Alkaid
Mizar/Alcor
Alioth
Megrez
Dubhe
Phecda
Merak
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Betelgeuze
Bellatrix
Mintaka
Alnitak
Alnilam
Rigel
Saiph
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Libra
Centaurus
Southern
Cross
α Centauri
Scorpius
Peacock
ecliptic
Sagittarius
Capricorn
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The Universe is very empty
Imagine the Sun, the size of a football with a diameter of 22 centimeters.
To scale, the Earth would be a 2mm
pinhead at a distance of 24 meters.
Pluto, the size of a grain of sand, would be at a distance of 926 meter.
!
At the same scale, the nearest star, Proxima Centauri,
would be at a distance of 6300 km.
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The Universe is also very big
-15
10
-10
m
10
atoomkern
nucleus
of atom
cluster
van
cluster
of galaxies
sterrenstelsels
m
1 meter
atoom
atom
kind
child
Melkweg
Milky
Way
(sterrenstelsel)
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10 m
7
10 m
Aarde
Earth
Zonnestelsel
Solar system
(planetenstelsel)
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13
10 m
10 m
Sun
Zon
9
10 m
Diameter of the visible Universe: 10 27 meter
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The ‘edge’ of the visible Universe
Instead of ‘normal’ measures (km) and scientific notations
(powers of 10), we rather use light travel times to express distances.
!! the speed of light c is 299,792.458 kilometers/second !!
kilometers
Moon
Sun
384,400
149.597.900
Neptune
Proxima Centauri
Milky Way diameter
Andromeda galaxy
light travel time
1,3 seconds
8,3 minutes
4.498.252.900
4,2 hours
39.953.000.000.000
4,2 years
946.000.000.000.000.000 100.000 years
21.800.000.000.000.000.000 2.3 million years
most distant object 271.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 12.8 billion years
background radiation 434.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 13.7 billion years
cosmic background radiation
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nothing moves faster than light: space & time are coupled !
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This leads to an important concept:
More distant objects are seen
further back in time…
➞ astronomy is also historical research,
investigating the cosmic evolution of
astronomical objects such as galaxies!
the past
time ➞
now
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22 Nov 2016, 21:40
www.stellarium.org
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Film: Cosmic Voyage
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