Download BIO102 Unit 11

BIO102 Unit 11
Human Embryology
Study Guide
I. Human Development
A. gestation or pregnancy
B. embryo/fetus
C. zygote
II. Fertilization
A. one sperm – one ovum
B. as the sperm swims
C. digestive enzymes
D. Once the sperm enters the ovum
E. zygote
1. diploid
2. define zygote
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F. Contributions of sex cells to zygote:
1. egg –
2. sperm
3. note: homologous chromosomes
III. Fertilization & Cleavage
A. fertilization & fallopian tubes
B. the zygote begins to divide
C. cleavage
D. early stages of cleavage
IV. Cleavage Stages
A. morula stage
B. blastocyst
C. trophoblast
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D. implantation
E. blastula stage
F. gastrula stage
G. three embryonic germ layers:
H. cells from mesoderm will form
I. neurula stage
J. notochord
K. neural tube
V. Embryonic Germ Layers
A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
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C. endoderm
VI. Differentiation & Morphogenesis
A. differentiation
B. morphogenesis
VII. Twins
A. Identical Twins
B. fraternal twins
VIII. Extraembryonic Membranes
A. embryo
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B. yolk sac
C. amnion
D. allantois
E. chorion
F. placenta
1. two functions of placenta
a. site of exchange
b. hormones
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G. Placenta
1. exchange of gases
2. secretes estrogen & progesterone
H. Umbilical cord – composed of
1. takes blood
2. two arteries & one vein
3. transports oxygen
IX. Fetal By- Pass Circulation
A. ductus arteriosus
B. foramen ovale
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C. ductus venosus
X. Events of Fetal Development
A. One month
B. Two months
C. three months
D. four months
E. fifth month
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F. six months
G. seventh month
H. at eight months
I. At the ninth month
XI. Changes to the mother during pregnancy
A. weight gain
B. changes to the uterus
C. metabolic rate
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D. striae
E. heart & blood volume
F. nausea & vomiting
G. increased urination
H. lordosis
I. pubic symphysis
XII. Stages in Labor
A. Stage 1 – Dilation stage
B. Stage 2 – Expulsion Stage
C. Stage 3 – Placenta Stage
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XIV. Abnormal Births
A. Breech birth
B. Caesarean birth
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