Download Unit V: Energy in a Cell

Unit V: Energy in a Cell
Energy the ability to do work; how
it is made and how it is used.
A. Energy
1. Energy is the ______________________.
Forms of energy: _______, _________, ______
______________
________________
(movement)
1st Rule of Thermodynamics:
Energy can not be _______ nor ________
Energy just changes ________
Chemical  Mechanical  Heat
2. Energy in the Body
- Use energy for _______________, __________,
_________, __________, _______________, etc.
- ex: nerves, muscles,
kidneys, enzymes,
ribosomes
-Comes from the food
we eat
-body breaks down
nutrients so they can be
carried and enter our cells
to be turned into useable
energy
3. ATP = ______________________________
- __________________ Molecule
- ATP is the cell’s ____________ form of energy
- Cells need ______________________ supply
High Energy Bond
Easier Version
__________________
________ (sugar)
________________
(nitrogenous base)
4. ADP + P
- __________________ + Phosphate
- Made of the same parts as ATP but not completely
assembled
- Missing the ____________________
- ADP is a low energy molecule
Missing high
energy bond
5. ATP ADP Cycle
- instead of constantly making new molecules the
cells save energy by ______________ ATP & ADP
Energy from glucose in the
process of ______________
turns low energy ADP into
high energy ATP by creating
the high energy bond
When the high energy
bond in ATP is broken
________________
for cellular activities
- ATP briefly stores energy
Storing energy = potential energy
high energy bond
Energy is stored in the _______________.
glucose
- Energy to make ATP comes from _________.
- Glucose molecules store energy in the bonds
________.
- What do cells use and store energy for?
Active Transport
Cyclosis
Nerve Impulses
Phagocytosis
Muscle Contractions
Synthesis
B. Photosynthesis
As a plant grows, from tiny seedlings into massive
trees, from what do they gain their mass?
1. Early Experiments with Photosynthesis
a. Van Helmont’s Experiment
- 1600s Belgian Physician
- Planted the seedling, watered it regularly, and
observed its growth
- Measured mass of dry potting soil and small
seedling
- At the end of 5 years the plant gained 75kg
- When he measured the soil – it was the same
mass at the beginning of the experiment
?
? ? ? ? ?
What is his conclusion? ? ?
? ? ?
?
b. Joseph Priestly - 1772
Candle burns out when placed under a jar
Continues to burn when sprig of mint is placed with it
Conclusion?
c. Jan Ingenhousz - 1779
Repeated the Priestly
experiment but blocked out
the light.
Candle only burned when the
plant was exposed to light.
Conclusion?
2. Light
- The light from the sun = white light
White light = all the colors combined
- Light is Energy
- Colors of Light
R O Y G B I V
- Plants absorb energy from light
by using ________________
__________________
__________________
- Transfers energy to _______________
high energy electrons make
photosynthesis work
- Store energy of light in ______________
3. The Photosynthesis Equation
+
6 molecules of carbon
dioxide react with 6
molecules of water to
form 1 molecule of
glucose and 6
molecules of oxygen.
+
Photosynthesis uses the
energy of sun light to
convert carbon dioxide
and water into high
energy sugars and
oxygen gas.
• 4. The Chloroplast
- __________ = sac-like
membranes, contain
chlorophyll, other
pigments, and
photosystems
- _______ = fluid inside
the chloroplast
5. Light Dependant Reactions = Photolysis
- requires light and produces ATP, NADPH, O2
1) ____________ by photosystem
2) ______ electrons (more energy)
3) Excited electrons picked up by
______________________
4) Electrons give off energy and
produce _____; to replace excited
electrons – enzymes split ______
and produce ________ gas
5) Low energy electrons and light
reaches next photosystem
6) Light re-excites electrons –
gives more _____________
7) Electrons move along _______
8) High energy electrons produce
__________
Simplified
Chlorophyll catches light and
gives the energy to electrons.
Electrons use the energy to
make ATP and NADPH
ATP and NADPH are energy
carrying molecules
Plants use H2O and light to
make useable forms of energy
and oxygen
6. Light Independent Reactions
also known as the Dark Reactions or Calvin Cycle
- Uses _____ and ________ to
produce high energy ________.
1) ______________ molecules
enter the stroma
2) Enzyme _________ carbon
atoms together – use the energy
from ATP and NADPH
3) Carbons combine and form 6
carbon high energy sugar
molecules (Glucose)
ATP and NADPH generated in light reactions used to fuel the reactions which take
CO2 and break it apart, then reassemble the carbons into glucose.
Called __________: taking carbon from an inorganic molecule (atmospheric CO2)
and making an organic molecule out of it (glucose)
Simplified version of how carbon and energy enter the food chain
7. Factor Affecting
Photosynthesis
a. Amount of _______
b. _____________
c. Available ________
d. Light _________
8. _______________
Can life survive without _________?
2 CO2 + 4 H2  2 CH4 + 2 O2
Production of Methane
Bacteria can change methane into
simple sugars that other organisms
can use
9. The Leaf
- Specialized ___________ designed to carry out
photosynthesis
- Relatively ____________________
- Thin and flat – allow _________ to pass through
Stomata
- Cuticle – waxy coating to help
prevent water loss
- Epidermis – single layer of thin
cells, produce cuticle
- _______________ – site of the
majority of photosynthesis
- Spongy layer – allows for gas
exchange
- ________________________
•Holes that allow for the
exchange of gasses and water
vapor
•When guard cells have water –
swell and open stomata
•When guard cells don’t have
water – shrink and close stomata
___________ – process by which
plants use evaporation from the
leaves to draw water up the plant
from the roots. Lose a lot of H2O
C. Cellular Respiration
- _________________________ in food
(glucose) into ATP
- Done by ____________ organism
- Food molecules need to be converted
to energy, but not all at once.
- The food needs to be broken down ________
to yield usable amounts.
1. ___________________
1st step in cellular respiration for both anaerobic
and aerobic respiration
a. releases a _______ amount of energy
b. one molecule of glucose is broken in ________,
producing two molecules of PGAL (3-carbon
compound  3 is half of 6)
PGAL is often converted into Pyruvic Acid (3 carbon
compound slightly different from PGAL)
c. __________________ – 2 ATP molecules are used
to start the reaction. They add energy to break apart
the glucose.
d. Energy Production
2 ATP  4 ATP
net gain of 2 ATP
2 were required to start the reaction  4 -2 = 2
2 NAD+  2 NADH - holds high energy electrons
for use in the electron transport chain
sounds similar to photosynthesis
2. _____________________
also known as ____________________
- ______________ present = anaerobic
- Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation is the same as
Glycolysis with a little extra step
- Extra Step:
NADH passes its high energy electron back to pyruvic acid
NADH  NAD+
cycle that allows glycolysis and ATP production to continue
a. Alcoholic Fermentation
- performed by _________and some other microorganisms
when O2 not available
- produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
Glucose + 2 ATP  alcohol + CO2 + 4 ATP
b. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- performed by certain _______ and ______________
cells when O2 not available or used up too quickly
- Glucose + 2 ATP  lactic acid + 4 ATP
- build up of lactic acid in cells cause fatigue and painful, burning sensations
3. ______________ Cellular Respiration
- ____________ break down of glucose
C6H12O6  CO2
- Requires ________________
- 2 Step Process (Krebs Cycle and ETC)
- Glycolysis is still the first step to produce
pyruvic acid
- Make a net gain of
molecules from
1 glucose molecule
in anaerobic respiration there was only a net gain of
- Aerobic makes much _________ usable energy
- At the end Oxygen acts as electron acceptors
a. The Krebs Cycle
- also known as the citric acid cycle
- begins when pyruvic acid from
glycolysis enters the _____________
- pyruvic acid loses CO2 and is acted
on by Coenzyme A to become a two
Makes
a called
highAcetyl-CoA
energy electrons
carbon
compound
- Acetyl-CoA
becomes
Citric
Acid
to use
in the
electron
transport
- As citric acid is broken down CO2 is
chain,
a small
amount
of ATP,
released,
high energy
electrons
are
formed, and 1 molecule of ATP is
and Some CO2
formed
- High Energy Electron Carriers
NAD+  NADH
FAD  FADH2
- NADH and FADH2 Bring electrons to
Electron Transport Chain to make
more ATP
b. Electron Transport Chain
- located in the ____________
_________ of the ____________
- Use high ____________ from
NADH and FADH2 to synthesize
ATP
-H+ ions are carried across the
membrane – makes a ________
-_______________
- H+ ions escape through
_________________ making ATP
(same way as photosynthesis)
- H+ ions combine with O2 to form
__________
- Oxygen acts as the final
electron acceptor
c. Overall View of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Animation
• Energy and Exercise
Sprints = lactic acid build up (pay for it later)
Endurance = use glycogen – pace yourself
• Compare aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Aerobic Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Formula
Photosynthesis