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SEMESTER 2 Chapter 6 VLSM and CIDR V 4.0 6.1.1 6.1.1.2 6.1.1.3 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.3.2 6.1.4 Why were VLSM, CIDR, NAT, and private addressing developed? What is the range for Class A addresses? What is the range for Class B addresses? What is the range for Class C addresses? What are ip addresses that begin with 4 1 bits reserved for? How many hosts are available for Class C addresses? How can you determine the subnet mask for a classful ip address? How many host addresses are available for Class B addresses? What two things did Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) allow for? What does the address class mean to CIDR? What process does CIDR allocate IP addresses according to subnets rather than by class? What does prefix aggregation do to the routing tables? What is another name for a route that has been aggregated be called? What must be included in the routing update when you use classless routing? What are the 5 classless routing protocols? When are classless routing protocols necessary? Do you have to use route summarization in a classless routing environment? We would have run out of ip addresses 0.0.0.0-127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255 Future use 254 The first octet 65,534 More efficient use of IPv4 address space Prefix aggregation, which reduced the size of routing tables Nothing Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) Decreases the size Supernet route The subnet mask RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP when the mask cannot be assumed or determined by the value of the first octet No 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3.1 6.3.2 What is another name for VLSM? If you start with /16 subnet, how many subnets are available? If sub-subnet a /16 subnet, to /28 how many subnets are created for each of the original subnets? What is the process of advertising a contiguous set of addresses as a single address with a less-specific, shorter subnet mask called? Explain the difference between route summarization in RIPv1 and supernetting? When you summarize a set of routes what is the first step? What is matched in the second step of route summarization? What is the final step in route summarization? * What is VLSM? What is CIDR? Subnetting a subnet Sub-subnetting 28 = 256 subnets 212 = 4,096 per subnet Route aggregation Route summarization Supernetting Supernetting ignores the limitation of classful boundaries, whereas RIPv1 summarizes to the single major network classful address List all the networks in binary Match the left-most bits to get the summary address Copy all the matching bits and place zeros after them to determine the summarized network address * What is the advantage of CIDR (classless routing protocols) over the original classful routing protocol? * What is supernet? * /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 = 255.255.255.128 = 128 addresses = 126 usable addresses = 255.255.255.192 = 64 addresses = 62 usable addresses = 255.255.255.224 = 32 addresses = 30 usable addresses = 255.255.255.240 = 16 addresses = 14 usable addresses = 255.255.255.248 = 8 addresses = 6 usable addresses = 255.255.255.252 = 4 addresses = 2 usable addresses (You will use this table for several questions) In addition to know the block size, and its relation to subnet, you also need to know the 1st address of each block is the network address, last address is the broadcast address, and anything in between are the usable addresses. * Here is a quick table for using subnet mask to figure out the following: - Which one is the network address? - Which one is the broadcast address? - Which are the usable addresses? (You will use this table for several questions) 255.255.255.128 (or /25) 0 - 127 128 - 255 255.255.255.192 (or /26) 0 - 63 64 - 127 128 - 191 192 - 255 * 255.255.255.224 (or /27) 0 - 31 32 - 63 64 - 95 96 - 127 128 - 159 160 - 191 192 - 223 224 - 255 Same process for 255.255.255.240 (/28) and 255.255.255.248 (/29) * If the network is using RIPv1, what network entry and mask would router R1 send to R2? What network entry and mask would router B send to A and C? What network entry and mask would router C send to B? [Hint: 1. You need to understand the process of network update when network are all contiguously connected. 2. When networks are not contiguously connected, you need to understand the process of network auto-summarization on network boundary. ] * What is the summarized address for the following network addresses? • • • • • • • • 192.168.0.0/30 192.168.0.4/30 192.168.0.8/30 192.168.0.16/29 192.168.4.0/30 192.168.5.0/30 192.168.6.0/30 192.168.7.0/29 * Continue from the question above, can you do it the other way around? If I give you a summarized address with 192.168.64.0 /20, can you figure out what networks are included in this summarized address? * You have a class C network and VLSM is not used and the networks are all /26. How many address actually get used and how many are wasted for the 3 point-to-point connections between these 3 routers? - Make sure you understand the definition of the term “point-to-point”. It means the link will only provide the inter-connection between 2 routers and will only need 2 valid IP address. - The most efficient subnet mask for the point-to-point is /30. * You have 4 networks and they have network addresses and subnet mask listed below: Network 1 only has 5 hosts on 10.1.1.0 /29. Network 2 only has 13 hosts on 10.1.1.32 /28 Network 3 only has 30 hosts on 10.1.1.64 /26 Network 4 only has 124 hosts on 10.1.1.128 /25 How many total address have you actually assigned and used by the hosts and how many IP address are not assigned and wasted? * This is probably the most time consuming and most difficult question for this chapter. The segment area marked with the question mark will have maximum of 14 hosts. What is its network address for this segment? [Hint: step 1: figure out what addresses has not been used yet. step 2: from the left over, then you need to figure out which one will take 14 hosts] * Can you have the network with the following configuration? Why? Why not? 10.0.1.128 /25 10.0.1.192 /26 * R1 ca not ping host B, and all the testing below shows ping are successful. What is most likely the problem? 1. pings from R1 to the S0/0/0 interface on R2....successful 2. pings from R1 to the Fa0/0 interface on R2....successful 3. pings from host B to hosts on the 10.1.1.0/24 network....successful 4. pings from host B to the Fa0/0 interface on R2....successful 5. pings from R2 to host B....successful. Hint: 1) Router can reach the other router. Routers are good & Routes are good. 2) Router can reach all the interface for other router. Routers are good. 3) B can reach the IP address on the router2. B NIC is good Router is good. 4) B can reach the other hosts in the same subnet. B is good. 5) R2 can reach the B. R2 is good and B is good. Use the process of elimination; you should be able to figure out the answer when you see the question.