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Illinois History
The Heartland Part I
First Explorers through The British
Arrive
Louis Jolliet & Jacques Marquette
• The first white men to make a written
record of Illinois
• Marquette was a Jesuit priest & able to
speak 6 Indian languages
• Jolliet was a 27 year old surveyor
Bad Map-Wrong Information
Samuel de Champlain
• Est. the first French colony in 1608,
called Quebec
The Northwest Passage
• Europeans were consumed with finding
a water route to the Pacific.
• Wanted to reach India for the gold,
silks, & spices.
Marquette & Jolliet
• May 17, 1673, they left out from the
mission at St. Ignace
• Canoes
• They made it to the Miss. River
• Turned around at the Arkansas River
St. Ignace
Wisconsin River
River Routes in Illinois
Returning Home
• They spotted the Piasa Bird painted on
a bluff near Alton, IL.
• Made friends w/ the Kaskaskia Indians
– Father Marquette returned in 1675 to have
Easter services w/ the Kaskaskians.
– Marquette later died at the age of 37 near
Ludington, MI.
The Piasa Bird
Jolliet
• His canoe flipped near Montreal & he
lost all of his records on IL.
• Marquette’s were the only ones left
from the trip.
Frenchmen, Forts, & Failures
Rene-Robert Cavalier sieur de
LaSalle
•
•
•
•
We’ll just call him LaSalle
Born in France
Spent a short time as a farmer
Started exploring at 23
Henry Tonti
• LaSalle’s partner
• Iron Hand
– Battle in Italy
• In charge of Fort Crevecoeur
– Broken Heart
– LaSalle left to get ship building materials
Broken Heart
• LaSalle traveled 1,000 miles to Canada
in 65 days.
– Fort Frontenac on the North shore of Lake
Ontario.
Broken Heart
• Mutiny against Tonti
• Fort destroyed
The Founding of Louisiana
• LaSalle found Tonti living w/ the Illini
Indians
– Under attack by the Iroquois
• Traveled down the Miss. River
• The first European to see the mouth of
the MS. River
– Named the land after the King of France –
Louisiana
The Rock
• No not Alcatraz
• LaSalle & Tonti return to IL & build a
fort on Starved Rock
– Fort St. Louis
– To be the capital of LaSalle’s French
empire
• France closed all forts in IL except Ft.
St. Louis
– LaSalle went in 1683 to change their minds
French Colony
• LaSalle convinced the French to Est. a
colony in Louisiana.
• The colonists landed in Texas & could
not find the Miss. R.
– The colonists murdered LaSalle while
looking for the Miss. R.
• 43 years old
Tonti’s Search
• Some colonists made it to Starved
Rock & told Tonti of LaSalle’s death.
• Tonti tried to find his friend but was
unsuccessful.
– Returned to Ft. St. Louis.
Fort Pimitoui
• Tonti built Ft. Pimitoui near Peoria in
1692.
– Tonti’s trade was revoked by France
• Moved to Biloxi, MS.
• Died in Mobile, AL of Yellow Fever in
September of 1704
French Villages in Illinois
French Villages in IL
• The oldest interior settlement in the
U.S. is Cahokia.
• The first permanent settlement in IL is
Cahokia.
• Kaskaskia was settled in 1703 & a
major commercial center.
• Both were Est. by Jesuit Priests
The Mississippi Bubble
• 1714, John Law wanted to start a
colony in IL.
– Failed by 1720
Fort de Chartres
• Slaves were brought to IL to work in the
mines.
– Galena & St. Genevieve, MO
• The fort was originally constructed of
logs & later rebuilt w/ stones.
• Located 15 miles North of Kaskaskia
• Strongest French military fort in the
West
Prairie du Rocher
• Built near Fort de Chartres
• The 3rd most important village in IL
• Agriculture under the French became a
lucrative business.
– Sent down the Miss. R. on barges
The British Arrive
French & Indian War
• 1750 French troops move into the Ohio
River Valley
• Lt. Gov. Robert Swindle of VA sent a 21
year old militia leader to order the French
to leave.
• French intend to hold the area.
• 2nd group of VA militia go to the fork and
build a small fort.
French & Indian War
• April 1754, the
young militia
leader is sent into
the ORV with 150
men.
• Encounter a
small squad of
FR. troops
• Attack & retreat
to build a small
fort
• Over 600 Fr. Troops
and 100 Am. Ind.
Attack the small
fort.
• The VA.
Militia
surrender and
are sent back
to
Williamsburg
on July 4,
1754.
Attack on Ft.
Duquesne/Braddock’s Death
• General Braddock's last words to
Washington - "Next time, we shall know
how to fight them.“
• Geo. Washington led the British troops out
of the fight and to
safety.
Washington
had 2 horses
shot from under
him & 4 bullet
holes in his coat.
The French & Indian War
• Fighting between France & Great
Britain (1754 – 1763)
– Also called the 7 Years War in Europe
– British won on both fronts
• 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed
ending the war
– France lost all of its territory east of the
Miss. R.
Following the Treaty of Paris
1763
Pontiac’s Resistance
• Pontiac led Indians against the British
& prevented them from occupying IL
for 2 years.
• 1765, Pontiac makes peace w/ the
British.
Captain Thomas Stirling
• The Black Watch
Regiment take
control of Fort de
Chartres on Oct.
10, 1765.
– The Fleur-de-lis
was lowered &
the British Union
Jack was raised.
Leaving The West
• By the 1770’s the British started
sending troops east to deal w/ the
colonists.
The French and Indian War
• Test on The First Explorers through The
British Arrive.
The Heartland Part II
George Rogers Clark
Part II
George Rogers Clark
The American Revolution in Illinois
George Rogers Clark
• The George
Washington of the
West.
• Moved to Kentucky
in 1772
Settlers in Kentucky
• Settlers in KY were under constant
attack by Indians.
• Clark was a Major in the militia & fought
to keep the settlers safe.
Henry The Hairbuyer
• Clark found out that the
British were rewarding the
Indians for attacking the
settlers.
• Lieutenant-Governor Henry
“The Hairbuyer” Hamilton
was paying Indians for the
scalps of the settlers
Raiding Party 1778
• Clark received funds from Virginia to
raid IL.
– Kaskaskia, Cahokia, & Vincennes
• Plans called for 500 men - Clark only
had 178
This is the location from which Clark
started his expedition to Illinois.
Joe’s
Crabb
Shack
• Left the Louisville
area & got off the
Ohio at Ft. Massac
• Walked to the
Kaskaskia River
July 4, 1778
• Clark crossed the Kaskaskia River into
Kaskaskia.
– Took the town w/out firing a shot.
• Clark continued on to Cahokia &
captured it too.
Vincennes
• Major trading post connecting Detroit &
the Miss. River.
• Waded through the flooded fields
covered by ice
• Able to get the people to declare loyalty
– Trouble w/ the Indians
• Eventually gained control of Vincennes
The Seige of Ft. Sackville
• Feb. 23, 1779,
Clark attacked the
fort for 18 hours.
• During a short truce
a group of the
Indian raiders were
captured outside of
the town.
• Those with scalps were taken to the front
gate of the fort & tomahawked to death in
sight of the British
• The next morning (25th) at 10 AM the
British surrendered the fort to Clark & his
men.
• Clark’s actions during the American
Revolution prevented IL from being part of
Canada.
DuSable, Chicago’s First
Citizen
Chicago’s 1st Citizen
• Jean Baptiste Point DuSable
• From Santo Domingo to Peoria then on to
Chicago.
Jean Baptiste Point DuSable
• Built a trading post
• Eventually, he sold out and moved to St.
Charles, MO.
Opening The Northwest
Territory
The NW Ordinance of 1787
• Terr. would have a Gov., Sec., & a 3
judge court.
• 3 to 5 states could come from the NW
Terr.
• 5 states were created & IL was the 3rd
• Cincinnati was the western base of
operations.
The NW Ordinance of 1787
• Terr. would have a Gov., Sec., & a 3
judge court.
• 5,000 adult males owning 50 acres
– Could elect a House of Representatives
• No Slavery
• 60,000 in Pop. made it possible for
statehood
General Mad Anthony Wayne
• Defeated the Indians at the Battle of
Fallen Timbers in 1794.
Captain John Whistler
• In charge of building Ft. Dearborn in
1803
– Good duty station & many men re-enlisted
to stay there
• Father of Chicago
• His Grandson was James Abbott
McNeil Whistler- Whistler’s Mother
• Named after Henry Dearborn
The Fort Dearborn Massacre
Start of the War of 1812
• Great Britain was impressing American
sailors at sea.
• Little known British law
• U.S. declares war June 18,1812.
• President James Madison
The War of 1812
• In 1812, Tecumseh was the leader of the
Shawnee Indians.
– Sided w/ the British
• The new commander of Ft. Dearborn was
Capt. Nathan Heald.
Leave The Fort
• Ordered to abandon
the fort by Gen.
William Hull.
Hull
Relief
• Support arrived
from Fort Wayne,
IN., led by his wife's
uncle, Captain
William Wells.
• Previously
wounded in the
Battle of Fallen
Timbers, 1794.
Wells
Captain William Wells
• Son-in-law of Chief
Little Turtle of the
Miamis
Little Turtle
The Massacre
• Heald destroyed everything that was not
needed.
• They had traveled 1½ miles before the
Indians attacked
– More than 55 whites were killed
– Heald & his wife were eventually able to
escape.
• August 15, 1812
Rebekah’s Ordeal
• Her uncle William Wells rode ahead,
turned, and circled his hat.
– She interpreted this to mean they were
surrounded.
• His horse was shot falling on top of him
– Shot and scalped
• Heart cut out and rubbed in Rebekah’s
face.
Rebekah Heald
• The wife of Captain
Nathan Heald.
• Shot 6 times
• Called Anawarna
meaning Wild Carrot
• She was captured
and eventually
escaped.
Eleanor’s Life
• Captured at 9 by Seminole Indians
• Ransomed at age 13
• Married at 14 and widowed at 24 with 3
children & another on the way.
• Married John Kinzie & lived in the former
house of DuSable.
John & Eleanor Kinzie
Kinzie’s Escape
• John & Eleanor with their family escape
the massacre by going up the Chicago
River.
Juliette Gordon Low
• The Great
Granddaughter of
John & Eleanor
(Lytle) Kinzie
• She preferred to be
called, “Daisy”
• Founded the Girl
Scouts on March 12,
1912.
Elijah P. Lovejoy
II
Early Life
• Born in Maine
• Puritan family
• Walked from Maine to Hillsboro, IL in
1827
• Moved to St. Louis & started a private
high school
Return to the East
• Attended Princeton Theological
Seminary to become a Presbyterian
Minister.
• Returned to St. Louis
• Became the editor of a Presb. paper
called the St. Louis Observer
– 1833
“Controversial” Views
• Lovejoy was mainly against slavery.
• The problem was MO. was a slave
state.
• People broke into the Observer &
damaged his press.
• Lovejoy was threatened so he moved to
Alton, IL.
Arrival In Alton
• People from St. Louis came over and
dumped Lovejoy’s press into the Miss.
River.
• The people of Alton bought a new
press, to show they were not like the
people in MO.
The Depression of 1837
• Alton’s economy suffered & they
blamed Lovejoy for their woes.
• The people of Alton destroyed the
press they had purchased for Lovejoy.
• Lovejoy purchased a third press & it
was destroyed.
• A fourth press was ordered.
Defense of the Fourth Press
• Lovejoy & a few friends guarded the
warehouse where the 4th press was
located.
• A member of the mob was shot.
• The warehouse was set on fire.
• M
• Eventually, Lovejoy appeared & was
shot & killed.
New Towns
Shawneetown, Galena, & Chicago
II
Shawneetown
• Named after the Shawnee Indians
• Largest town in IL in 1818
– 30 cabins, taverns, bakery, & a federal land
office
• Located between the Walbash & the
Ohio Rivers.
• Stopping point for people to get
supplies before heading West.
Growth in Shawneetown
• Only federally planned city other than
Washington, DC
– Fed. planned because of the salt mines.
• One of the first banks in IL
– Competitor w/ the St. Louis banks
Brush with Chicago
• Started in 1817 & closed in 1823
• People from Chicago came to
Shawneetown hoping to get money to
develop their small trading post.
• They were turned down because,
“Chicago would never amount to
anything.”
Galena
• NW part of IL by the Miss. R.
• Settled in 1823
• Moses Meeker started mining lead.
Chicago
• Started as small trading post.
• The Erie Canal made shipping easier &
led to the development of Chicago.
• 1833, given a village charter
• Grew until the 1871 fires
– Became a thriving modern city when
rebuilding
The Mormon Experience:
Nauvoo
II
The Mormon Experience: Nauvoo
• Joseph Smith founded the religion in
1830.
• Angels gave Smith golden tablets
containing The Book of Mormon.
• Felt the Indians were the lost tribe of
Israel.
– Jesus had visited them after his
resurrection.
Beliefs
• Abstain from alcohol, tobacco, &
caffeine
• Extra wealth was given to the church
• Against slavery
• Practice polygamy
History
• Started his religion in Kirtland, Ohio
• Moved to Independence, MO.
• Anti-slavery views were causing
problems
• 1839, they were forced out of MO.
Illinois
• Purchased land near Commerce, IL.
Hancock County
Illinois
• Called their town Nauvoo meaning the
city beautiful
• Homes made of brick
• Est. the Nauvoo Legion
– Private Army 2nd only to the U.S. Army
• Pop. of 12,000 by 1845
Trouble in Illinois
• 1844, a newspaper called Smith a fraud
& dictator
– The N. L. destroyed the paper
• Smith & his brother were jailed
– Killed by a mob
The Mormon War
• Fighting lasted for 2 years
• Prompted Brigham Young to seek a
new location for the Mormons.
• Feb. 11, 1846 they left for the Great Salt
Lake Basin
– Present-day Utah
1,000 Mile Trek
Education In Illinois
II
Education In Illinois
•
•
•
•
Subscription schools started in IL
Spankings were common
One room school house
John Seeley started the first subscription
school in Monroe Co. in 1783.
Test Time on Heartland Part II
• Test over George Rogers Clark to
Education in Illinois
The Movement for Statehood
Daniel Pope Cook
• Leader in the movement for statehood.
• Part owner in the first newspaper (Illinois
Herald, later renamed Illinois Intelligencer)
• Appointed first Auditor of Public Accounts
by Territorial Gov. Ninian Edwards.
• Appointed Clerk of the Territorial
Legislature.
Nathanial Pope
• Delegate to Congress for Illinois Territory
• Daniel Cook’s uncle
• Promoted bill in the House of Rep.
outlining steps for statehood
• Amendment to the bill extended northern
border 41 miles (Chicago and 16 counties)
• Population requirement dropped from
60,000 to 40,000
• Bill passed and signed by Pres. Monroe
• Statehood pending census and a
constitution
Census Fraud
• After first count, Illinois had 34,620.
• Supplemental census netted 40,258.
• Counts, recounts and estimates were
used.
• Count was accepted by Congress.
Free or Slave State
• NW ord. called for no slavery.
• Many Illinois settlers had southern roots
and owned slaves.
• Convention was divided.
• Current slaves could be kept but no new
slaves were to come in
• Illinois would be a free state with some
slaves “grandfathered” in.
Statehood
• Congress passed resolution on statehood.
• Pres. Monroe signed the resolution.
• Illinois became the 21st state on December
3, 1818.
The Capitals of Illinois
• 1818 Kaskaskia- first state capital
– Flooding was a problem
– Congress intervened
• 1819 Vandalia- second capital
– Site of the first statehouse
– Uninhabited region
– Poor accommodations.
• 1837 Springfield- third capital
– Donated the town square
– Pledged $50,000
The Black Hawk War