Download what are optical fibers

Sep 19th 2012
THE PRESENTATION
Introduction
This presentation has 2 parts
Part 1 :is about giving a broad idea about the
concepts of Optical Fiber and OF Cables,
(OPGW, Lashed cables, ADSS, Under Ground &
Duct Cables ) without going into the deep
technicalities.
Part 2 :is about fiber communication in
Electrical Utilities and its applications.
Sep 19th 2012
Part 1
1.1 Fiber Optic Technology
Sep 19th 2012
WHAT ARE OPTICAL FIBERS ?
Optical Fibers are thins long (km) strands of ultra pure glass (silica)
or plastic that can to transmit light from one end to another
without much attenuation or loss.
Fiber Construction
Fiber cables consists of 3 parts
1-Core: it is where the light propagates and have the biggest
refractive index.
2-Clad:part of the light wave propagate and have lower refractive
index value
3-Caut:the output cover
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Light Propagation
• Light propagates due
to total internal
reflection
• Light > critical angle
will be confined to the
core
• Light < critical angle
will be lost in the
cladding
Fiber Types
Cladding
LED
Laser
Core
Cross section
Muliti Mode
Cladding
Core
Laser
Single Mode
Multi-Mode
• 50/62.5um core, 125um clad
• Atten-dB/km: 3dB @ 850nm
Single-Mode
• 9um core, 125um cladding
• Atten-dB/km: 0.4/0.3dB
1310nm/1550nm
Fiber Types
© 2006, VDV Works LLC
Factors that affect the Light wave through
propagation
1. Refractive index n for core and
clade.
2. Fiber attenuation
3. Dispersion
Sep 19th 2012
Fiber Attenuation
( reduces the power of the signal)
The two main loss mechanisms in fiber is absorption and scattering,
1-Light absorption:
As light passes through fiber it is absorbed and converted into heat, due
to molecular resonance, for example hydrogen and hydroxide
resonance occurs at 1244 nm and 1383 nm.
2-Rayleigh scattering:
Scattering causes the dispersion of light energy in all directions, and one
of the directions is the backward direction in this case the scattering is
called "backscattering".
Forward light scattering (Raman scattering) and backward light
scattering (Brillouin scattering) are two additional types of scattering
those can occur under high power conditions.
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Attenuation Vs. Wavelength
Attenuation depends on fiber type and wavelength of the
transmitted signal
Dispersion
(reduces the effective bandwidth
available for transmission )
There are three types of dispersion:
1- Modal Dispersion (MD) for multimode fiber.
Modal Dispersion typically occurs in multimode fiber, due to
its large core diameter, for example 62.5 um, it carries many
modes those travel through different paths thus a short
pulse that consists of many modes will spread because each
mode will reach the destination in a different time.
Sep 19th 2012
Dispersion
2- Chromatic Dispersion (CD).
Chromatic Dispersion is about the difference in speed
between the various wavelengths contained in a light pulse,
each light pulse consists of many wavelengths, each
wavelength travels on its own speed down the fiber, thus it
reaches the destination in a different time than other
wavelengths, which results in the pulse broadening
phenomena, please see the below figure:
Sep 19th 2012
Dispersion
3- Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD).(significant for speeds more
than 10Gb/s for single mode fiber.
Different polarizations travels through different paths thus different
lengths down the fiber which leads to different arrival time at
the destination, this difference in speed comes from the fact that a
fiber core is perfectly a circle all the fiber length, also mechanical
stresses twisting, bending, and temperature variations all cause PMD
to change, that`s why its not a fixed value like the CD.
Sep 19th 2012
Fiber Optic Link Power Budget
© 2006, VDV Works LLC
Part 1
1.2 Fiber Optic Cable Types
Sep 19th 2012
VARIOUS TYPES OF
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES
Aerial types:
1.
OPGW Cable
2.
ADSS type OF Cable
3.
LASHED type OF Cable
UNDERGROUND types
1.
BURRIED type OF Cables
2.
DUCT Type OF Cable
Submarine types:
•
Nepco have 2 fiber submarine cables (each of 12 fiber strands) laid
between Aqaba to Taba at Egypt crossing Aqaba Gulf (13km) with the
power cable that connects the power Grid between Jordan and Egypt at
400kv level .
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Sep 19th 2012
Sep 19th 2012
Aerial FIBRE OPTIC CABLE INSTALLATION
OPGW
WRAP AROUND
ADSS
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UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF Cables
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DUCT Type OF Cable
Sep 19th 2012
Part 1
1.3 Fiber Optic Splicing
Sep 19th 2012
Fiber Splicing
1. Fusion Splicing: through splice machine
using electrodes, Nepco has different types
of splice machines like Fujikura 40s , 50 s &
60 s
2. Mechanical Splicing: for connectors
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Splicing at the Field
Sep 19th 2012
Fiber Optic Connectors & Splices
• Connectors
– Demountable
terminations for fiber
– Connect to transmitters
and receivers
• Splices
– Permanent termination
of two fibers
© 2006, VDV Works LLC
Part 1
1.4 Fiber Optic Testing
Sep 19th 2012
Fiber Optic Testing
Fiber testing is made through two main
ways
1. Laser source and power meter test :
the motive of this test is to check
the continuity of the fiber from end
to end.
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End to End Testing
• Both units must be
referenced with the
test jumpers
• Confirm power source
is connected to test
fiber
• Reading is only
accurate if both units
at same wavelength
Fiber Testing
2. OTDR test: this test is done to check
the quality of the trace including
splice points , bending locations ,
optical reflection loss (ORL) and
determine the location of any fault if
exist through calculating the time
and speed of the light
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OTDR Trace
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TEST AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
OTDR
OPTICAL TALK SETS
POWER METER,
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TOOL KIT
LASER SOURCE, ATTENUATOR
Introduction to OTDR
OTDR stands for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer, the
main function of an OTDR is to detect, locate and measure all
the events (splices, connectors, bending, etc..), an report the
location of each event with accuracy ranges from 4 cm to 40
meters.
An OTDR utilizes the idea of a RADAR you can think of it as a
one dimensional RADAR, using OTDR we get a full report of
losses as well as reflective events (connectors and mechanical
splices) tied to the distance or the geographical information of
an optical fiber link.
OTDR makes use of the small signals those travel back the fiber,
even by backscattering or by reflection comparing their power
levels and arrival time with its sent signals it can generate a
nice report of what events are on a fiber link.
Sep 19th 2012
Optical Fiber Standards
– IEC 60793-1 and -2: Optical fibers (includes several parts)
– IEC 60794-1, -2, and -3: Optical fiber cables
– G.651: Characteristics of 50/125 μm multimode gradedindex
optical fiber
– G.652: Characteristics of singlemode optical fiber and
cable
– G.653: Characteristics of singlemode dispersion shifted
optical
fiber and cable
– G.654: Characteristics of cut-off shifted singlemode
optical fiber
and cable
– G.655: Characteristics of non-zero dispersion shifted
singlemode
optical fiber and cable
– G.656: Characteristics of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber
for
wideband transport
Sep 19th 2012
Part 2
2.1 Fiber Optic at Electric Utilities
Sep 19th 2012
Why Fiber at Electric Utilities
1. It is there: As mentioned before
,OPGW fiber cables are installed on
most of the OHLs in the transmission
network because of its law cost .
2. Immunity to EMI , electric
substations are full of noise and
harmonics generated through
switching operations .
Sep 19th 2012
Why Fiber at Electric Utilities
3. Greater Bandwidth: you can go up to
10ths of Gb/s using fiber cables
which opens the door for vast
number of applications and services
4. Lower attenuation: which means
longer distances for the working
sections connecting far places
together into one network .
Sep 19th 2012
Why Fiber at Electric Utilities
5. Great revenues through fiber
leasing.
Sep 19th 2012
National Electric Power Company
Communication Strategy
•NEPCO communication strategy is based on diversity
in communication equipment and media to ensure
high availability rates without interruption for vital
services, i.e digital power line carriers (PLC) which uses
the phase conductor of the OHL for transmitting
signals and data between substations is used as
backup in case fiber cut occurs.
•NEPCO has built fiber rings and installed high speed
TDM SDH multiplexers with rates starting from STM-1
level(155Mb/s) up to STM-16 (622Mb/s) to operate on
the OPGW network in a single managed platform
covering most of the substations.
Sep 19th 2012
Electric Utilities Communication
Needs
Many communication needs for higher bandwidth
have emerged in the past years for the power sector
increasing the quality of the grid and they are as
follows,
1. Powerful control center that controls all the
substations in the network through Remote
Terminal Units (RTUs) connected through
communication channels in a secure and reliable
way , SCADA system communication protocols has
been developed from hundreds of baud rate up
to Ethernet (100Mb/s), Nepco recently upgraded
most of the SCADA communication channels
through its fiber optic network
Sep 19th 2012
Electric Utilities Communication
Needs
Sep 19th 2012
Electric Utilities Communication
Needs
2. Metering systems developed quickly
and trends to remote reading for the
meters as part of the Smart Grid
applications including billing
services, at the end of the next year
mainly all meters at Nepco will be
connected through high speed
communication channels to the
main AMR system .
Sep 19th 2012
Electric Utilities Communication
Needs
3. Teleprotection for OHLs and
substations .
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Electric Utilities Communication
Needs
4.
Sep 19th 2012
Powerful Telephone network through installing
many Pbxs in the substations to connect the
control center with power stations to facilitate the
operation of the electricity grid
Electric Utilities Communication
Needs
5.
Sep 19th 2012
Power quality applications Nepco
installed some units and they are
connected through fiber network
Other applications
•
Sep 19th 2012
Installing security CCTV systems at the
substations , warehouses and
headquarters and transmit the high
bandwidth video signals to a centralized
security center through the fiber
network
Part 2
2.1 Fiber Optic Investment at NEPCO
Sep 19th 2012
NEPCO FIBER NETWORK
•NEPCO fiber network covers most of
the OHLs holding fiber capacities
starting from 6 strands up to 48 strands
per cable , NEPCO fiber network
exceeds 1200 km in length covering all
the cities in Jordan from Aqaba south
up to Ramtha North.
•NEPCO strategy is to install 32f OPGW
cables on all new OHLs and 48f strands
with the underground fiber cables.
Sep 19th 2012
NEPCO FIBER NETWORK
•NEPCO fiber network reaches the
neighboring countries such as Syria
and Egypt .
•NEPCO is connected to Syria through
an OPGW 16f cable with the Syrian
power tie line (132kv) between AN
substation at Jordan and Dier Ali
substation at Syria
Sep 19th 2012
NEPCO FIBER NETWORK
•NEPCO is connected to Egypt through
2 submarine fiber cables each of 12f
crossing the Gulf of Aqaba (13km )
with the Egyptian tie line between
Aqaba and Taba at
Sep 19th 2012
NEPCO FIBER NETWORK
•NEPCO uses about 15-20% from its fiber
network for its own purposes , i.e. about 4
strands per each cable.
•85% of NEPCO fiber network is DARK (not
lighted) , so a decision is taken by the
administration to lease the excess fiber
capacity which has a great benefit from a
financial point of view from one hand and
supports the Jordanian fiber network which
improves the whole communication infra
structure of the country.
Sep 19th 2012
NBN fiber network
• NEPCO already hosts
the Universities Fiber
Network which
connects 9
governmental
universities in Jordan.
Fiber Connection to Egypt
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Fiber connection to Syria
Sep 19th 2012
NEPCO FIBER NETWORK
Sep 19th 2012
THANK YOU
•THE END
• TEL:079-5069911
• E-mail:[email protected]