Download PHYSICAL SCIENCE 1st QUARTER REVIEW

PHYSICAL SCIENCE 1st SEMESTER REVIEW
Quizzes and Tests in Sequential Order:
1. Quiz: Conversions and Experimentation
2. Test: Chapter 1 Science Skills & Scientific Method
3. Test: Chapters 2 and 3 Properties and States of Matter
4. Quiz: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure
5. Test: Chapters 4 and 5 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
6. Test: Chapter 6 Chemical Bonds
7. Test: Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions
8. Test: Chapter 8 Solutions and Solubility
9. Quiz: Speed
10. Quiz: Acceleration
11. Test: Chapter 11 Motion
12. Test: Chapter 12 Forces and Laws of Motion
Topics Covered in Sequential Order:
Chapter 1: Science Skills
Section 1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
o Six steps of the Scientific Method
o Hypotheses, theories, and laws
o Experimentation and sample experiments
Section 1.3 Measurement
o Standards of measurement: metric system and SI units
o Tables on pages 16 and 17
o Using unit equalities to convert from one metric unit to another
o Precision and accuracy
o Measuring temperature
K = oC + 273
Section 1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
o Data tables
o Graphs: line, bar, and circle
Chapter 2: Properties of Matter
Section 2.1 Classifying Matter
o Classification of matter: pure substances and mixtures
o Pure substances: compounds and elements
o Mixtures: heterogeneous (colloids & suspensions) and homogeneous (solutions)
Section 2.2 Physical Properties
o Viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting and boiling points, density
o Physical changes
Section 2.3 Chemical Properties
o Flammability, reactivity
o Chemical changes
Chapter 3: States of Matter
Section 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
o Four states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, plasma
o Kinetic-Molecular Theory: state of a substance at room temp. depends on
strength of attraction between and energy in its particles
Section 3.2 The Gas Laws
o Pressure
o Factors that affect gas pressure: temperature, volume, number of particles
o Gas laws: Boyle’s and Charles’
o Boyle’s law: decrease volume, increase pressure
o Charles’ law: volume increases with increasing temp.
Section 3.3 Phase Changes
o Changes of state
o Heating / cooling curves
o Endothermic / exothermic reactions
Chapter 4: Atomic Structure
Section 4.1 Studying Atoms
o Models of atoms
o Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, modern atomic theory
Section 4.2 The Structure of an Atom
o Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)
o Atomic number, mass number, isotopes
Section 4.3 Modern Atomic Theory
o Structure of the atom
o Principle energy levels: n = 1 – 7
o Energy sublevels: s, p, d, f
o Valence electrons
Chapter 5: The Periodic Table
Section 5.1 Organizing the Elements
o Periodic Table: Mendeleev
Section 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table
o Organizing the Table: groups or families and periods
o Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
o Trends in the Periodic Table (atomic size, Octet rule)
o Valence electrons
o Ions and numbers of protons & electrons in ions
o Cations and anions
o Electron (Lewis) dot diagrams
Section 5.3 Representative Groups
o Labeling and naming groups in the Table
Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds
Section 6.1 Ionic Bonding
o “All atoms in Periodic Table want to be like the Noble Gases”
o Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons
o Electron (Lewis) dot diagrams
o Properties of ionic compounds
Section 6.2 Covalent Bonding
o Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons
Polar covalent bonds: unequal sharing
Nonpolar covalent bonds: equal sharing
Section 6.3 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas
o Naming binary compounds with fixed charges
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o Polyatomic ions
o Practice problems 1 and 4 on page 174
Section 6.4 The Structure of Metals
o Metallic bonds: attraction between a metal cation and the shared electrons that
surround it
o Alloys
Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions
Section 7.1 Describing Reactions
o Chemical equations: reactants and products
o Law of Conservation of Mass
o Balancing chemical equations: using subscripts and coefficients
o Practice problems 1 through 3 on page 195
Section 7.2 Types of Reactions
o Chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, and single and double
replacement
o Practice problem 8 on page 205
o Synthesis: A + B  AB
o Decomposition: AB  A + B
o Single replacement: A + BC  AC + B
o Double replacement: AB + CD  AD + CB
Section 7.3 Energy Changes in Reactions
o Chemical bonds and energy
o Exothermic and endothermic reactions
o Law of Conservation of Energy
Chapter 8: Solutions, Acids, and Bases
Section 8.1 Formation of Solutions
o Dissolving: dissociation, dispersion, and ionization
o Particles in solution: dissociation and bonding
o Properties of solutions
o Factors affecting rates of dissolving for solids and gases: surface area, stirring,
and temperature
Section 7.4 Reaction Rates (recall that we covered this section with Chapter 8)
o Factors affecting reaction rates: surface area, stirring, temperature,
concentration, and catalysts
Section 8.2 Solubility and Concentration
o Solutions: solutes and solvents
o Saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions
o Solubility curves
o Factors affecting solubility: polarity of solvent (“like dissolves like”), temperature,
and pressure
Section 8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases
o Acids produce hydronium ions and are proton donors
o Bases produce hydroxide ions and are proton acceptors
o Properties of acids and bases
o Color changes in indicator paper
Section 8.4 Strengths of Acids and Bases
o pH scale
o Strong and weak acids and bases
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o Strength versus concentration
o Electrolytes
Chapter 11: Motion
Section 11.1 Distance and Displacement
o Frame of reference
o Distance versus displacement
Section 11.2 Speed and Velocity
o Speed: rate of motion
o Types of speed
o Calculating speed:
v = d/t
o Graphing speed (distance-time graph)
o Velocity
o Practice problems 1 and 2 on page 333, and problems 8 and 9 on page 337
Section 11.3 Acceleration
o Acceleration: changes in speed, direction, or both
o Calculating acceleration:
a = (vf – vi) / t = v / t
o Graphing acceleration (speed-time graph)
o Practice problems 1 through 4 on page 346, and problems 8 and 9 on page 348
Chapter 12: Forces and Motion
Section 12.1 Forces
o Force: push or pull that acts on an object
o Balanced forces have no net force, and therefore on change in motion
o Unbalanced forces have a net force, and therefore create a change in motion
o Four universal forces: strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, gravity
o Contact forces: friction, applied, normal, tension, spring
o Gravitational force
o Projectile motion: horizontal and vertical motion
Section 12.2 Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion
o Newton’s First Law: the state of motion of an object does not change as long as
the net force acting on it is zero
o Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
o Newton’s Second Law: F = ma
o Weight is a force
W = mass x acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
o Practice problems 1 through 4 on page 367, and problems 6 and 7 on page 369
Section 12.3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion and Momentum
o Action-reaction forces
o Momentum
mv = p
o Law of Conservation of Momentum
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