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Branches of Buddhism 1. Theravada – teaching of the ancients A division within Buddhism occurred at the beginning of the third century BCE, primarily over the issue of enlightenment. Followers split into two traditions: Theravada and Mahayana. Theravadins believe that enlightenment is accessible to only a few true believers. The individual moves toward it alone, with no help from rituals or even statues of Buddha, since Buddha and others who have died are believed to have entered nirvana. 2. Mahayana – the greater vehicle Mahayana is the “greater vehicle”, because there is room within it for all; salvation or enlightenment is for all people. Followers of Mahayana refer to the earliest Buddhist writings used by Theravadins, but also use many other writings. 3. Vajrayana – the diamond vehicle Vajrayana is similar to Mahayana, but also includes mystical and occultic elements from Tantrism, an ancient Indian tradition. The name derives from vajra, meaning something bright, transparent, indestructible, like a diamond, and referring to the purity of tantric spiritual power. Vajrayana uses mantra (chant), mudra (physical gesture) and mandala (meditation circle). It began in India in the first century CE, then spread to Nepal, Tibet, China and Japan. 4. Lamaism Lamaism is the form of Buddhism widely followed in Tibet. Lama was originally a word applied to a high spiritual leader, but later came to mean a monk. Lamaistic Buddhism developed at the end of the seventh century CE, as a blend of Vajrayana and the ancient Tibetan Bon religion. The Dalai Lama (“lama great as the ocean”) is the figurehead, while the Panchen Lama (“jewel of the scholars”) is the spiritual leader. 5. Zen Zen Buddhism is popular and influential in Japan. Originally based on Mahayana, 1 it was known as Ch’an and was introduced to China in the sixth century CE, from where it spread into Japan in the twelfth century. Little importance is placed on concern with teaching, and greater importance on meditation, leading to enlightenment. Zen has left its mark on Japanese society, culture and customs. 6. Folk Buddhism This is the dominant form of Buddhism in many parts of East Asia, particularly rural areas. Elements of Buddhism are mixed with local religions, usually animistic. This produces a spirit-based worldview and lifestyle based around rituals and superstition. In some areas there are beliefs in other deity figures such as Buddha’s mother, with temples dedicated to them. Folk Buddhists are often not aware of the difference between their beliefs and the dominant Buddhist traditions. 2