Download File: ch03, Chapter 2: Information Technologies: Concepts and

File: ch04, Chapter 4: Data and Knowledge Management
True/False
1. The amount of data is increasing exponentially over time.
Ans: True
Response: See page 99
2. Data are scattered throughout organizations.
Ans: True
Response: See page 99
3. Data are centralized in organizations.
Ans: False
Response: See page 99
4. External data is an important source of data.
Ans: True
Response: See page 99
5. A decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions.
Ans: False
Response: See page 100
6. An increasing amount of external data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions.
Ans: True
Response: See page 100
7. Data security is fairly simple to maintain.
Ans: False
Response: See page 100
8. Data security is easily compromised.
Ans: True
Response: See page 100
9. The end result of the Data Life Cycle is the generation of data.
Ans: False
Response: See page 100
10. A record is a logical grouping of related fields.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
11. A record is a logical grouping of related characters.
Ans: False
Response: See page 102
12. A file is a logical grouping of related records.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
13. A database is a logical grouping of related files.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
14. It is important for applications and data to be dependent on each other.
Ans: False
Response: See page 102
15. It is important for applications and data to be independent of each other.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
16. When various copies of the data agree, this is an example of data integrity.
Ans: False
Response: See page 102
17. No alphabetic characters in a Social Security Number field is an example of data integrity.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
18. When various copies of the data agree, this is an example of data consistency.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
19. Difficulty in accessing data from different applications is called data isolation.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
20. Difficulty in accessing data from different applications is called data unavailability.
Ans: False
Response: See page 102
21. Negative values for a student’s grade point average is an example of a data integrity problem.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
22. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which information is maintained.
Ans: True
Response: See page 102
23. An attribute is any characteristic or quality describing a particular entity.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
24. Every record must contain only one field that uniquely identifies that record.
Ans: False
Response: See page 103
25. The primary key is a field that uniquely and completely identifies a record.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
26. The secondary key is a field that has some identifying information but does not identify a record with
complete uniqueness.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
27. A secondary key is a field that uniquely and completely identifies a record.
Ans: False
Response: See page 103
28. A primary key is a field that does not uniquely identify a record.
Ans: False
Response: See page 103
29. Entity-relationship diagrams are documents that show the entities, attributes, and relationships of a
conceptual data model.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
30. An entity class is a grouping of entities of a given type.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
31. An instance is a particular entity within an entity class.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
32. Identifiers are attributes that identify entity instances.
Ans: True
Response: See page 103
33. A relationship is the conceptual linking of entities in a database.
Ans: True
Response: See page 105
34. Database management systems are software programs (or groups of programs) that provide access to a
database.
Ans: True
Response: See page 105
35. The relational database model is based on the concept of two-dimensional tables.
Ans: True
Response: See page 106
36. Each row of data in a relational database corresponds to a record.
Ans: True
Response: See page 106
37. Structured query language is a relational database language that enables users to perform complicated
searches with relatively simple statements.
Ans: True
Response: See page 106
38. The data dictionary stores definitions of data elements, characteristics that use the data elements,
physical representation of the data elements, data ownership, and security.
Ans: True
Response: See page 107
39. Normalization reduces a relational database to its most streamlined form.
Ans: True
Response: See page 107
40. Normalization is a method for eliminating redundant data elements.
Ans: True
Response: See page 107
41. When data are normalized, attributes in the table depend only on the primary key.
Ans: True
Response: See page 107
42. Virtual databases provide a way of managing many different data sources as though they were all in one
place.
Ans: True
Response: See page 110
43. A data warehouse is a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision
makers in the organization.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
44. In a data warehouse, data are organized by subject.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
45. In a data warehouse, data are coded consistently.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
46. In a data warehouse, data are constantly purged as new data come in.
Ans: False
Response: See page 111
47. In a data warehouse, data are not updated.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
48. In a data warehouse, data are updated constantly.
Ans: False
Response: See page 111
49. Operational data are usually kept in organizational databases.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
50. Operational data are usually kept in an organization’s data warehouse.
Ans: False
Response: See page 111
51. Analytical processing involves the analysis of accumulated data by end users.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
52. Transaction processing involves the analysis of accumulated data, frequently by end users.
Ans: False
Response: See page 111
53. Typically, organizational databases are oriented toward handling transactions.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
54. Typically, organizational data warehouses are oriented toward handling transactions.
Ans: False
Response: See page 111
55. Organizational databases use online transaction processing.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
56. Organizational data warehouses use online analytical processing.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
57. Organizational databases use online analytical processing.
Ans: False
Response: See page 111
58. Data warehouses use a multidimensional structure.
Ans: True
Response: See page 111
59. Data marts are designed for the end-user needs in a strategic business unit or department.
Ans: True
Response: See page 115
60. Data mining is the process of searching for valuable business information in large databases, data
warehouses, or data marts.
Ans: True
Response: See page 116
61. Transaction processing is the process of searching for valuable business information in large databases,
data warehouses, or data marts.
Ans: False
Response: See page 116
62. Targeted marketing is a good example of a predictive problem.
Ans: True
Response: See page 116
63. Targeted marketing is a good example of discovery of previously unknown patterns.
Ans: False
Response: See page 116
64. Identifying items that are purchased together in a retail store is a good example of a predictive problem.
Ans: False
Response: See page 116
65. Data mining must be conducted by analysts with technical programming skills.
Ans: False
Response: See page 116
66. Data mining can be conducted by end users with little or no programming skills.
Ans: True
Response: See page 116
67. A geographical information system captures, stores, integrates, manipulates, and displays data using
digitized maps.
Ans: True
Response: See page 118
68. Geocoding integrates maps with spatially oriented databases and other databases.
Ans: True
Response: See page 118
69. Transaction processing systems are interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics
delivered to the user through head-mounted displays.
Ans: False
Response: See page 119
70. Only one person can use one artificial environment.
Ans: False
Response: See page 120
71. Many people can share and interact in the same artificial environment.
Ans: True
Response: See page 120
72. Knowledge is information in action.
Ans: True
Response: See page 121
73. Intellectual capital is another term for knowledge.
Ans: True
Response: See page 121
74. Intellectual capital is another term for information.
Ans: False
Response: See page 121
75. Explicit knowledge is the more objective, rational, and technical type of knowledge.
Ans: True
Response: See page 121
76. Tacit knowledge is the more objective, rational, and technical type of knowledge.
Ans: False
Response: See page 121
77. Tacit knowledge, the cumulative store of subjective learning, is personal and hard to formalize.
Ans: True
Response: See page 121
78. Explicit knowledge, the cumulative store of subjective learning, is personal and hard to formalize.
Ans: False
Response: See page 121
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following are in the correct order?
a) knowledge – information – data
b) data – knowledge – information
c) information – data – knowledge
d) data – information – knowledge
e) information – knowledge – data
Ans: d
Response: See page 99
2. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?
a) amount of data increases exponentially over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) increasing amount of external data must be considered
d) data security is easily compromised
e) all of the above
Ans: e
Response: See pages 99-100
3. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?
a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easy to maintain
e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations
Ans: b
Response: See page 99-100
4. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?
a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are centralized throughout organizations
c) increasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easy to maintain
e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations
Ans: c
Response: See page 99-100
5. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?
a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) increasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easily compromised
e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations
Ans: d
Response: See page 99-100
6. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?
a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easily compromised
e) data are stored in different formats throughout organizations
Ans: e
Response: See page 99-100
7. Sources for external data include which of the following?
a) commercial databases
b) sensors
c) satellites
d) government reports
e) all of the above
Ans: e
Response: See page 99
8. Which of the following is not a source for external data?
a) commercial databases
b) corporate databases
c) sensors
d) satellites
e) government reports
Ans: b
Response: See page 99
9. The end result of the Data Life Cycle is the generation of _____.
a) information
b) data
c) knowledge
d) wisdom
e) decisions
Ans: c
Response: See page 100
10. Place the following members of the data hierarchy in the correct order:
a) bit – byte – field – record – database – file
b) bit – field – byte – record – file – database
c) byte – bit – record – field – database
d) bit – byte – field – record – file – database
Ans: d
Response: See pages 100-102
11. In the data hierarchy, the smallest element is the _____:
a) record
b) bit
c) byte
d) character
Ans: b
Response: See page 100
12. A_____ is a logical grouping of characters into a word, a small group of words, or a complete number.
a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database
Ans: b
Response: See page 102
13. A_____ is a logical grouping of related fields.
a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database
Ans: c
Response: See page 102
14. A _____ is a logical grouping of related records.
a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database
Ans: d
Response: See page 102
15. A_____ represents a single character, such as a letter, number, or symbol.
a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database
Ans: a
Response: See page 102
16. No alphabetic characters in a Social Security Number field is an example of _____ :
a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence
Ans: b
Response: See page 102
17. _____ occurs when applications cannot access data associated with other applications.
a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence
Ans: a
Response: See page 102
18. _____ occurs when the same data are stored in many places.
a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence
Ans: d
Response: See page 102
19. _____ occurs when various copies of the data agree.
a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence
Ans: c
Response: See page 102
20. In a database, the primary key field is used to _____:
a) specify an entity
b) create linked lists
c) identify duplicated data
d) uniquely identify a record
Ans: d
Response: See page 103
21. As an individual student in your university’s student database, you represent a(n) _____ of the
STUDENT class.
a) instance
b) individual
c) representative
d) entity
e) relationship
Ans: a
Response: See page 103
22. At your university, students can take more than one class, and each class can have more than one
student. This is an example of what kind of relationship?
a) one-to-one
b) one-to-many
c) many-to-one
d) many-to-many
e) some-to-many
Ans: d
Response: See page 105
23. A database management system is primarily a(n) _____:
a) file handling program
b) data modeling program
c) interface between applications and a database
d) interface between data and a database
Ans: c
Response: See page 105
24. In a relational database, the customer record contains information regarding the customer’s last name.
The last name is a(n):
a) attribute
b) entity
c) primary key
d) object
Ans: a
Response: See page 106
25. In a relational database, every row represents a _____:
a) file
b) record
c) attribute
d) primary key
e) secondary key
Ans: b
Response: See page 106
26. A standardized language used to manipulate data is _____:
a) MS-Access
b) Oracle
c) query-by-example language
d) structured query language
e) data manipulation language
Ans: d
Response: See page 106
27. Data dictionaries provide which of the following advantages to the organization?
a) reduce data inconsistency
b) provide for faster program development
c) make it easier to modify data and information
d) all of the above
Ans: d
Response: See page 107
28. _____ are software applications that provide a way of managing many different data sources as though
they were all one large database.
a) data warehouses
b) data marts
c) virtual databases
d) geographical information systems
e) flat files
Ans: c
Response: See page 110
29. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by subject
b) are coded consistently
c) not updated
d) kept for long periods of time
e) all of the above
Ans: e
Response: See page 111
30. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by subject
b) are coded in different formats
c) are updated in real time
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure
Ans: a
Response: See page 111
31. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded consistently
c) are updated in real time
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure
Ans: b
Response: See page 111
32. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded in different formats
c) are not updated
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure
Ans: c
Response: See page 111
33. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded in different formats
c) are updated in real time
d) are kept for long periods of time
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure
Ans: d
Response: See page 111
34. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded in different formats
c) are updated in real time
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a multidimensional structure
Ans: e
Response: See page 111
35. Compared to data warehouses, data marts:
a) cost less
b) have shorter lead time for implementation
c) have local rather than central control
d) contain less information
e) all of the above
Ans: e
Response: See page 115
36. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost less
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have central rather than local control
d) contain more information
e) are harder to navigate
Ans: a
Response: See page 115
37. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost more
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have local rather than central control
d) contain more information
e) are harder to navigate
Ans: c
Response: See page 115
38. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost more
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have central rather than local control
d) contain less information
e) are harder to navigate
Ans: d
Response: See page 115
39. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost more
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have central rather than local control
d) contain more information
e) are easier to navigate
Ans: e
Response: See page 115
40. Detecting fraudulent credit card usage is an example of which type of problem?
a) predictive
b) pattern recognition
c) transactional
d) operational
e) marketing
Ans: b
Response: See page 116
41. The most distinguishing characteristic of geographical information systems is:
a) every record or digital object has a unique identifier
b) every record or digital object is visible to the user
c) every record or digital object must be accessed by programmers
d) every record or digital object has an identified geographical location
e) every record or digital object is encrypted
Ans: d
Response: See page 118
42. Geocoding is:
a) integrating maps with spatially oriented databases and other databases
b) encrypting spatial information
c) accessing geographical information
d) integrating organizational transactions with spatially oriented databases
e) programming spatially oriented databases
Ans: a
Response: See page 118
43. _____ is interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user through a
head-mounted display.
a) visual interactive modeling
b) visual interactive simulation
c) geographical simulation
d) virtual reality
e) data visualization
Ans: d
Response: See page 119
44. _____ is a process that helps organizations identify, select, organize, disseminate, transfer, and apply
expertise that are part of the organization’s memory and typically reside inside the organization in an
unstructured manner.
a) discovery
b) knowledge management
c) decision support
d) online analytical processing
e) data mining
Ans: b
Response: See page 121
45. _____ can be exercised to solve a problem, where _____ may or may not be able to be exercised to
solve a problem.
a) knowledge, information
b) data, information
c) information, data
d) information, knowledge
e) data, knowledge
Ans: a
Response: See page 121
46. Which of the following is an example of explicit knowledge?
a) experiences
b) insights
c) procedural guides
d) expertise
e) skill sets
Ans: c
Response: See page 121
47. Explicit knowledge has which of the following characteristics?
a) objective
b) personal
c) slow
d) costly to transfer
e) ambiguous
Ans: a
Response: See page 121
48. Tacit knowledge has which of the following characteristics?
a) codified
b) objective
c) unstructured
d) rational
e) technical
Ans: c
Response: See page 121
49. Historically, management information systems have focused on capturing, storing, managing, and
reporting _____ knowledge.
a) tacit
b) explicit
c) managerial
d) geographical
e) cultural
Ans: b
Response: See page 121
Short Answer Questions
1. Discuss the difficulties in managing data.
Response: See pages 99-100
2. Define each element of the data hierarchy, in order from smallest to largest.
Response: See pages 100-102
3. Discuss the advantages of the database approach.
Response: See page 102
4. Describe entity-relationship modeling.
Response: See pages 103-105
5. Describe the relational database model.
Response: See page 106
6. Describe the characteristics of a data warehouse.
Response: See page 111
7. What are the advantages of a data mart?
Response: See page 115
8. Define geographical information systems and list some examples of how GIS are used.
Response: See page 118
9. Differentiate between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Use examples of each.
Response: See page 121
10. Describe the six steps of the knowledge management system cycle.
Response: See page 123