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File: ch04, Chapter 4: Data and Knowledge Management True/False 1. The amount of data is increasing exponentially over time. Ans: True Response: See page 99 2. Data are scattered throughout organizations. Ans: True Response: See page 99 3. Data are centralized in organizations. Ans: False Response: See page 99 4. External data is an important source of data. Ans: True Response: See page 99 5. A decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions. Ans: False Response: See page 100 6. An increasing amount of external data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions. Ans: True Response: See page 100 7. Data security is fairly simple to maintain. Ans: False Response: See page 100 8. Data security is easily compromised. Ans: True Response: See page 100 9. The end result of the Data Life Cycle is the generation of data. Ans: False Response: See page 100 10. A record is a logical grouping of related fields. Ans: True Response: See page 102 11. A record is a logical grouping of related characters. Ans: False Response: See page 102 12. A file is a logical grouping of related records. Ans: True Response: See page 102 13. A database is a logical grouping of related files. Ans: True Response: See page 102 14. It is important for applications and data to be dependent on each other. Ans: False Response: See page 102 15. It is important for applications and data to be independent of each other. Ans: True Response: See page 102 16. When various copies of the data agree, this is an example of data integrity. Ans: False Response: See page 102 17. No alphabetic characters in a Social Security Number field is an example of data integrity. Ans: True Response: See page 102 18. When various copies of the data agree, this is an example of data consistency. Ans: True Response: See page 102 19. Difficulty in accessing data from different applications is called data isolation. Ans: True Response: See page 102 20. Difficulty in accessing data from different applications is called data unavailability. Ans: False Response: See page 102 21. Negative values for a student’s grade point average is an example of a data integrity problem. Ans: True Response: See page 102 22. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which information is maintained. Ans: True Response: See page 102 23. An attribute is any characteristic or quality describing a particular entity. Ans: True Response: See page 103 24. Every record must contain only one field that uniquely identifies that record. Ans: False Response: See page 103 25. The primary key is a field that uniquely and completely identifies a record. Ans: True Response: See page 103 26. The secondary key is a field that has some identifying information but does not identify a record with complete uniqueness. Ans: True Response: See page 103 27. A secondary key is a field that uniquely and completely identifies a record. Ans: False Response: See page 103 28. A primary key is a field that does not uniquely identify a record. Ans: False Response: See page 103 29. Entity-relationship diagrams are documents that show the entities, attributes, and relationships of a conceptual data model. Ans: True Response: See page 103 30. An entity class is a grouping of entities of a given type. Ans: True Response: See page 103 31. An instance is a particular entity within an entity class. Ans: True Response: See page 103 32. Identifiers are attributes that identify entity instances. Ans: True Response: See page 103 33. A relationship is the conceptual linking of entities in a database. Ans: True Response: See page 105 34. Database management systems are software programs (or groups of programs) that provide access to a database. Ans: True Response: See page 105 35. The relational database model is based on the concept of two-dimensional tables. Ans: True Response: See page 106 36. Each row of data in a relational database corresponds to a record. Ans: True Response: See page 106 37. Structured query language is a relational database language that enables users to perform complicated searches with relatively simple statements. Ans: True Response: See page 106 38. The data dictionary stores definitions of data elements, characteristics that use the data elements, physical representation of the data elements, data ownership, and security. Ans: True Response: See page 107 39. Normalization reduces a relational database to its most streamlined form. Ans: True Response: See page 107 40. Normalization is a method for eliminating redundant data elements. Ans: True Response: See page 107 41. When data are normalized, attributes in the table depend only on the primary key. Ans: True Response: See page 107 42. Virtual databases provide a way of managing many different data sources as though they were all in one place. Ans: True Response: See page 110 43. A data warehouse is a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization. Ans: True Response: See page 111 44. In a data warehouse, data are organized by subject. Ans: True Response: See page 111 45. In a data warehouse, data are coded consistently. Ans: True Response: See page 111 46. In a data warehouse, data are constantly purged as new data come in. Ans: False Response: See page 111 47. In a data warehouse, data are not updated. Ans: True Response: See page 111 48. In a data warehouse, data are updated constantly. Ans: False Response: See page 111 49. Operational data are usually kept in organizational databases. Ans: True Response: See page 111 50. Operational data are usually kept in an organization’s data warehouse. Ans: False Response: See page 111 51. Analytical processing involves the analysis of accumulated data by end users. Ans: True Response: See page 111 52. Transaction processing involves the analysis of accumulated data, frequently by end users. Ans: False Response: See page 111 53. Typically, organizational databases are oriented toward handling transactions. Ans: True Response: See page 111 54. Typically, organizational data warehouses are oriented toward handling transactions. Ans: False Response: See page 111 55. Organizational databases use online transaction processing. Ans: True Response: See page 111 56. Organizational data warehouses use online analytical processing. Ans: True Response: See page 111 57. Organizational databases use online analytical processing. Ans: False Response: See page 111 58. Data warehouses use a multidimensional structure. Ans: True Response: See page 111 59. Data marts are designed for the end-user needs in a strategic business unit or department. Ans: True Response: See page 115 60. Data mining is the process of searching for valuable business information in large databases, data warehouses, or data marts. Ans: True Response: See page 116 61. Transaction processing is the process of searching for valuable business information in large databases, data warehouses, or data marts. Ans: False Response: See page 116 62. Targeted marketing is a good example of a predictive problem. Ans: True Response: See page 116 63. Targeted marketing is a good example of discovery of previously unknown patterns. Ans: False Response: See page 116 64. Identifying items that are purchased together in a retail store is a good example of a predictive problem. Ans: False Response: See page 116 65. Data mining must be conducted by analysts with technical programming skills. Ans: False Response: See page 116 66. Data mining can be conducted by end users with little or no programming skills. Ans: True Response: See page 116 67. A geographical information system captures, stores, integrates, manipulates, and displays data using digitized maps. Ans: True Response: See page 118 68. Geocoding integrates maps with spatially oriented databases and other databases. Ans: True Response: See page 118 69. Transaction processing systems are interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user through head-mounted displays. Ans: False Response: See page 119 70. Only one person can use one artificial environment. Ans: False Response: See page 120 71. Many people can share and interact in the same artificial environment. Ans: True Response: See page 120 72. Knowledge is information in action. Ans: True Response: See page 121 73. Intellectual capital is another term for knowledge. Ans: True Response: See page 121 74. Intellectual capital is another term for information. Ans: False Response: See page 121 75. Explicit knowledge is the more objective, rational, and technical type of knowledge. Ans: True Response: See page 121 76. Tacit knowledge is the more objective, rational, and technical type of knowledge. Ans: False Response: See page 121 77. Tacit knowledge, the cumulative store of subjective learning, is personal and hard to formalize. Ans: True Response: See page 121 78. Explicit knowledge, the cumulative store of subjective learning, is personal and hard to formalize. Ans: False Response: See page 121 Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following are in the correct order? a) knowledge – information – data b) data – knowledge – information c) information – data – knowledge d) data – information – knowledge e) information – knowledge – data Ans: d Response: See page 99 2. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons? a) amount of data increases exponentially over time b) data are scattered throughout organizations c) increasing amount of external data must be considered d) data security is easily compromised e) all of the above Ans: e Response: See pages 99-100 3. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons? a) amount of data stays about the same over time b) data are scattered throughout organizations c) decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered d) data security is easy to maintain e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations Ans: b Response: See page 99-100 4. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons? a) amount of data stays about the same over time b) data are centralized throughout organizations c) increasing amount of external data needs to be considered d) data security is easy to maintain e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations Ans: c Response: See page 99-100 5. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons? a) amount of data stays about the same over time b) data are scattered throughout organizations c) increasing amount of external data needs to be considered d) data security is easily compromised e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations Ans: d Response: See page 99-100 6. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons? a) amount of data stays about the same over time b) data are scattered throughout organizations c) decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered d) data security is easily compromised e) data are stored in different formats throughout organizations Ans: e Response: See page 99-100 7. Sources for external data include which of the following? a) commercial databases b) sensors c) satellites d) government reports e) all of the above Ans: e Response: See page 99 8. Which of the following is not a source for external data? a) commercial databases b) corporate databases c) sensors d) satellites e) government reports Ans: b Response: See page 99 9. The end result of the Data Life Cycle is the generation of _____. a) information b) data c) knowledge d) wisdom e) decisions Ans: c Response: See page 100 10. Place the following members of the data hierarchy in the correct order: a) bit – byte – field – record – database – file b) bit – field – byte – record – file – database c) byte – bit – record – field – database d) bit – byte – field – record – file – database Ans: d Response: See pages 100-102 11. In the data hierarchy, the smallest element is the _____: a) record b) bit c) byte d) character Ans: b Response: See page 100 12. A_____ is a logical grouping of characters into a word, a small group of words, or a complete number. a) byte b) field c) record d) file e) database Ans: b Response: See page 102 13. A_____ is a logical grouping of related fields. a) byte b) field c) record d) file e) database Ans: c Response: See page 102 14. A _____ is a logical grouping of related records. a) byte b) field c) record d) file e) database Ans: d Response: See page 102 15. A_____ represents a single character, such as a letter, number, or symbol. a) byte b) field c) record d) file e) database Ans: a Response: See page 102 16. No alphabetic characters in a Social Security Number field is an example of _____ : a) data isolation b) data integrity c) data consistency d) data redundancy e) application/data dependence Ans: b Response: See page 102 17. _____ occurs when applications cannot access data associated with other applications. a) data isolation b) data integrity c) data consistency d) data redundancy e) application/data dependence Ans: a Response: See page 102 18. _____ occurs when the same data are stored in many places. a) data isolation b) data integrity c) data consistency d) data redundancy e) application/data dependence Ans: d Response: See page 102 19. _____ occurs when various copies of the data agree. a) data isolation b) data integrity c) data consistency d) data redundancy e) application/data dependence Ans: c Response: See page 102 20. In a database, the primary key field is used to _____: a) specify an entity b) create linked lists c) identify duplicated data d) uniquely identify a record Ans: d Response: See page 103 21. As an individual student in your university’s student database, you represent a(n) _____ of the STUDENT class. a) instance b) individual c) representative d) entity e) relationship Ans: a Response: See page 103 22. At your university, students can take more than one class, and each class can have more than one student. This is an example of what kind of relationship? a) one-to-one b) one-to-many c) many-to-one d) many-to-many e) some-to-many Ans: d Response: See page 105 23. A database management system is primarily a(n) _____: a) file handling program b) data modeling program c) interface between applications and a database d) interface between data and a database Ans: c Response: See page 105 24. In a relational database, the customer record contains information regarding the customer’s last name. The last name is a(n): a) attribute b) entity c) primary key d) object Ans: a Response: See page 106 25. In a relational database, every row represents a _____: a) file b) record c) attribute d) primary key e) secondary key Ans: b Response: See page 106 26. A standardized language used to manipulate data is _____: a) MS-Access b) Oracle c) query-by-example language d) structured query language e) data manipulation language Ans: d Response: See page 106 27. Data dictionaries provide which of the following advantages to the organization? a) reduce data inconsistency b) provide for faster program development c) make it easier to modify data and information d) all of the above Ans: d Response: See page 107 28. _____ are software applications that provide a way of managing many different data sources as though they were all one large database. a) data warehouses b) data marts c) virtual databases d) geographical information systems e) flat files Ans: c Response: See page 110 29. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics? a) are organized by subject b) are coded consistently c) not updated d) kept for long periods of time e) all of the above Ans: e Response: See page 111 30. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics? a) are organized by subject b) are coded in different formats c) are updated in real time d) are constantly purged as new data come in e) are organized in a hierarchical structure Ans: a Response: See page 111 31. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics? a) are organized by end users b) are coded consistently c) are updated in real time d) are constantly purged as new data come in e) are organized in a hierarchical structure Ans: b Response: See page 111 32. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics? a) are organized by end users b) are coded in different formats c) are not updated d) are constantly purged as new data come in e) are organized in a hierarchical structure Ans: c Response: See page 111 33. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics? a) are organized by end users b) are coded in different formats c) are updated in real time d) are kept for long periods of time e) are organized in a hierarchical structure Ans: d Response: See page 111 34. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics? a) are organized by end users b) are coded in different formats c) are updated in real time d) are constantly purged as new data come in e) are organized in a multidimensional structure Ans: e Response: See page 111 35. Compared to data warehouses, data marts: a) cost less b) have shorter lead time for implementation c) have local rather than central control d) contain less information e) all of the above Ans: e Response: See page 115 36. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics? a) cost less b) have longer lead time for implementation c) have central rather than local control d) contain more information e) are harder to navigate Ans: a Response: See page 115 37. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics? a) cost more b) have longer lead time for implementation c) have local rather than central control d) contain more information e) are harder to navigate Ans: c Response: See page 115 38. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics? a) cost more b) have longer lead time for implementation c) have central rather than local control d) contain less information e) are harder to navigate Ans: d Response: See page 115 39. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics? a) cost more b) have longer lead time for implementation c) have central rather than local control d) contain more information e) are easier to navigate Ans: e Response: See page 115 40. Detecting fraudulent credit card usage is an example of which type of problem? a) predictive b) pattern recognition c) transactional d) operational e) marketing Ans: b Response: See page 116 41. The most distinguishing characteristic of geographical information systems is: a) every record or digital object has a unique identifier b) every record or digital object is visible to the user c) every record or digital object must be accessed by programmers d) every record or digital object has an identified geographical location e) every record or digital object is encrypted Ans: d Response: See page 118 42. Geocoding is: a) integrating maps with spatially oriented databases and other databases b) encrypting spatial information c) accessing geographical information d) integrating organizational transactions with spatially oriented databases e) programming spatially oriented databases Ans: a Response: See page 118 43. _____ is interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user through a head-mounted display. a) visual interactive modeling b) visual interactive simulation c) geographical simulation d) virtual reality e) data visualization Ans: d Response: See page 119 44. _____ is a process that helps organizations identify, select, organize, disseminate, transfer, and apply expertise that are part of the organization’s memory and typically reside inside the organization in an unstructured manner. a) discovery b) knowledge management c) decision support d) online analytical processing e) data mining Ans: b Response: See page 121 45. _____ can be exercised to solve a problem, where _____ may or may not be able to be exercised to solve a problem. a) knowledge, information b) data, information c) information, data d) information, knowledge e) data, knowledge Ans: a Response: See page 121 46. Which of the following is an example of explicit knowledge? a) experiences b) insights c) procedural guides d) expertise e) skill sets Ans: c Response: See page 121 47. Explicit knowledge has which of the following characteristics? a) objective b) personal c) slow d) costly to transfer e) ambiguous Ans: a Response: See page 121 48. Tacit knowledge has which of the following characteristics? a) codified b) objective c) unstructured d) rational e) technical Ans: c Response: See page 121 49. Historically, management information systems have focused on capturing, storing, managing, and reporting _____ knowledge. a) tacit b) explicit c) managerial d) geographical e) cultural Ans: b Response: See page 121 Short Answer Questions 1. Discuss the difficulties in managing data. Response: See pages 99-100 2. Define each element of the data hierarchy, in order from smallest to largest. Response: See pages 100-102 3. Discuss the advantages of the database approach. Response: See page 102 4. Describe entity-relationship modeling. Response: See pages 103-105 5. Describe the relational database model. Response: See page 106 6. Describe the characteristics of a data warehouse. Response: See page 111 7. What are the advantages of a data mart? Response: See page 115 8. Define geographical information systems and list some examples of how GIS are used. Response: See page 118 9. Differentiate between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Use examples of each. Response: See page 121 10. Describe the six steps of the knowledge management system cycle. Response: See page 123