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Europe The Birthplace of Western Civilization -A peninsula of peninsulas -A troubled history -A United Europe Countries as ranked by GDP Luxembourg Sweden Countries ranked by land size Countries ranked by Population The Physical geography of Europe Part of a large landmass called Eurasia A Peninsula of Peninsulas • Iberian: Spain and Portugal • Italian • Scandinavian: Norway and Sweden • Jutland: Denmark Fjords in Norway Carved out by glaciers as they receded Mountains: • Alps: Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and France • Pyrenees: form a natural border between France and Spain. North European Plain Rivers • Danube: The longest river in the EU-starts in the Black Forest of Germany and flows through Austria, Hungary, Romania, etc. before emptying into the Black Sea. • Rhine: originates in the Swiss Alpsflowing through Germany and the Netherlands on its way to the North Sea. • Seine: Originates in Burgundy and flows through Paris on its way to the English Channel. • Volga: Originates in the hills north of Moscow and flows through western Russia past Volgograd and into the Caspian Sea. It is the national river of Russia. Seas • Adriatic: contained by the Italian and Balkan Peninsula Venice is located at the northern end. Aegean: flows through the many Greek islands • Mediterranean: Bounds North Africa, Southwest Asia, and, of course, Southern Europe. It also connects to the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. • Baltic: Bounded by the Northern coast of Europe and the Scandinavian countries of Finland, Sweden, and Norway. • Black: Bounded by the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, and the Eurasian Republics to the southwest. It connects to the Mediterranean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits. • North: Bounded by Great Britain, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark-Connects with the Baltic Sea and the English Channel. Oceans Atlantic Arctic Strait of Gibraltar • Narrow passage from the Med. Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. • Between the southern tip of Spain and the northern coast of Morocco Varied Climate regions • From Tundra in Scandinavia to Mediterranean in the South Effects of the North Atlantic Drift and westerly's on climate • The N.A.D. is an extension of the Gulf Stream and the prevailing westerly’s blow across these currents generating Western Europe’s weather and having a wet and moderating influence in the region. Human Environment Interaction Polders in the Netherlands Land reclaimed from the sea Acid Rain:Results of unchecked industrial emissions Air pollution and destruction of forests. Acid Rain has damaged many historical statues and buildings. Areas threatened by air and water pollution: Black Forest-Germany Venice Rhine, Danube, and Seine Venice is suffering from severe pollution and it is sinking into the Adriatic. The Chunnel A tunnel under the English Channel • A tunnel boring machine. High speed trains move people and goods from Britain to France From Dover England to Calais France • Physically uniting Britain to continental Europe Cultural Characteristics Tiled Roofs in the Mediterranean Reflect heat/rain runoff Chalets in Switzerland Heavy snows slide off Ballooning in Switzerland. Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. Esp. Great Britain Castles Remnants of Medieval history Birthplace of Western Democracy • Greece and Rome • Republican forms of government were formulated there. Spread of European Culture: 1. Exploration 2. Colonization 3. Imperialism Urbanization • Many densely populated cities in Europe. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Intended to form a military alliance against Communism in Western Europe. Roman Catholicism The unifying faith of Europe Religion as a divisive force. • Conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. The Protestants in N.I. want to remain part of the U.K. , but the Catholics want to unify all of Ireland as a Catholic state. Language • Multiple languages in Switzerland. Why? • Cities as Centers of Culture and Trade Venice: Queen of the Adriatic built on islands and connected with various canals. A gondola on the Grand Canal Berlin • Capital of Germany and located on the Spree River. Brandenburg Gate: built as a monument to peace. Berlin Wall: divided Communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin for almost a generation. An artificial boundary. Paris: Capital of France and built on an island in the Seine river. Eiffel Tower: built for the 1889 Centennial Exposition. Louvre: French art museum in Paris. Home to the Mona Lisa. The Louvre also has a large collection of Impressionist Paintings Arc de Triomphe • War Memorial • Napoleonic Era Notre Dame: Catholic cathedral in Paris. Front view of Notre Dame Madrid: Europe's highest capital (Spain) London: Capital of Great Britain and site were the Thames river narrows Big Ben: Clock and tower in London. Westminster Abbey: where most of the monarchs have been crowned. Rome: The eternal city. Capital of Italy and location of the Vatican Citycapital of the Roman Catholic Church. Colosseum: Where gladiators fought and Christians were persecuted. Inside the Colosseum Athens: A hilltop site and capital of Greece. The birthplace of western Civilization. Acropolis: hilltop site that contains the ruins of the ancient city-state of Athens. Parthenon: temple of Athena. Warsaw: capital of Poland, located on the Vistula River. The European Union: an attempt to rebuild Europe economically through cooperation rather than competition. Lower trade barriers, free borders, etc. A Political/Economic Force A United States of Europe. Leaning Tower of Pisa: Cathedral located in the Tuscany Region of Italy. Mountain Regions: Tourism, recreation(Skiing), and mineral resources. Rivers and canals serve as major transportation links. Oil Reserves in the North Sea. Demographics of Developed Countries: 1. High Per Capita GDP 2. High Life Expectancy 3. Low Population Growth Rate 4. Low Infant Mortality 5. Low % of population under the age of 15 6. High Literacy Rate Ethnic Heritage and diversity • Yugoslavia: Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, and Albanians • Conflict: War in Bosnia, “Ethnic Cleansing.” Economic Characteristics • Well-educated workforce • Industrial and technological societies • Banking in Switzerland: limited natural resources. • High-Tech farming • Well-developed infrastructure • Fertile soils Large role of governments in the economy: Socialism • Sweden and Denmark Differences in Western vs. Eastern European economic Development • Due to the failure of communist economic systems • Communism is now being replaced with capitalism in eastern Europe Development of industrial and transportation centers near mineral deposits, coal, and iron ore. • Ruhr Valley: Germany • Po Valley: Italy The End