Download Chapter 2 Chemistry Vocabulary Acid Amino acid Atom Atomic

Chapter 2 Chemistry Vocabulary
Acid
Amino acid
Atom
Atomic number
ATP
Base
Carbohydrates
Compound
Covalent bond
Crystalloid
Dehydration Synthesis
Disaccharides
DNA
Electron
Element
Enzyme
Gas
Hydrogen bond
Hydrolysis
Inorganic
Ionic bond
Isomer
Isotope
Lipids
Liquid
Mass number
Matter
Mixture
Monosaccharides
Neutron
Nucleic acid
Nucleus
Organic
Peptide bond
pH
Phospholipids
Polysaccharides
Precipitate
Proteins
Proton
Saturated fats
Solid
Solute
Solvent
Sterols
Triglycerides
Unsaturated fats
Acid – substance that yields hydrogen ions in solution and from which hydrogen may be displaced by a
metal to form a salt
Amino acid - is a type of organic acid that contains an acid functional group and an amine functional
group on adjacent carbon atoms. Amino acids are considered to be the building blocks of proteins.
Atom - is the smallest component of an element, characterized by a sharing of the chemical properties
of the element and a nucleus with neutrons, protons and electrons.
Atomic number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical
properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.
ATP - is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed
energy.
Base - describe solutions with a pH greater than seven, and bases differ from acids in their potential for
accepting rather than releasing hydrogen ions.
Carbohydrates - can be defined chemically as neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a
1:2:1 ratio; come in simple forms such as sugars and in complex forms such as starches and fiber; the
body breaks down most sugars and starches into glucose, a simple sugar that the body can use to feed
its cells.
Compound - is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded
together.
Covalent bond - a type of chemical bond involving the sharing of electrons between atoms in a
molecule, especially the sharing of a pair of electrons by two adjacent atoms
Crystalloid - a substance whose particles are smaller than those of a colloid, form a true solution, and
are therefore capable of passing through a semipermeable membrane, as in dialysis.
Dehydration Synthesis - classified as a type of chemical reaction in which chemical substances called
reactants transform into new substances called products because the water was lost, following the
joining of two molecules to make a large molecule.
Disaccharides - any of a class of sugars (assucrose) that on hydrolysis yields two monosaccharide
molecules—called also biose, double sugars
DNA - is a type of macromolecule known as a nucleic acid. It is shaped like a twisted double helix and is
composed of long strands of alternating sugars and phosphate groups, along with nitrogenous bases
(adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine)
Electron - an elementary particle consisting of a charge of negative electricity
Element - is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons - i.e.
the same atomic number; are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken
down using chemical methods.
Enzyme - Proteins that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism by acting as
catalyst for specific chemical reactions, converting a specific set of reactants (called substrates) into
specific products
Gas - One of four main states of matter, composed of molecules in constant random motion; has
no fixed shape and will take on the shape of the space available; the intermolecular forces are
very small; it has no fixed volume and will expand to fill the space available.
Hydrogen bond - A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an
electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom, usually of another molecule
Hydrolysis - a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds;
involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from
the water
Inorganic - of, relating to, or denoting compounds that are not organic (broadly, compounds not
containing carbon); not consisting of or deriving from living matter.
Ionic bond - chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges; form when one atom
gives up one or more electrons to another atom. These bonds can form between a pair of atoms or
between molecules and are the type of bond found in salts
Isomer - One of two or more molecules that have the same chemical formula but have a
different stereo-chemical arrangement of their atoms
Isotope - any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the
nucleus, or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or
different atomic weights
Lipids - is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and
chloroform.; are an important component of living cells
Liquid - an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite
volume, but no definite shape.
Mass number - the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space
Mixture - is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its
individual chemical properties.
Monosaccharides a simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be broken down to simpler substances by hydrolysis
Neutron - an uncharged elementary particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton and is
present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus.
Nucleic acid Any of a group of complex compounds found in all living cells and viruses, composed ofpurines, pyrimidi
nes, carbohydrates, and phosphoric acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNAand RNA control cellular functi
on and heredity
Nucleus - refers to the positively charged center of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
Organic - of, relating to, or obtained from living things; the chemistry of carbon.
Peptide bond - a covalent bond formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino
group of another, with the removal of a molecule of water
pH - a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid; it is the measure of its hydrogen ion (H+)
concentration relative to that of a given standard solution; may range from 0 to 14, where 0 is most
acid, 14 most basic, and 7 is neutral
Phospholipids - any lipid that contains phosphorus and provide structure and protection to cells
Polysaccharides - a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules
of monosaccharides
Precipitate - the process of formation of a solid previously held in solution or suspension in a
liquid
Proteins - large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order
determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding; required for the structure, function,
and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs.
Proton - an elementary particle that is identical with the nucleus of the hydrogen atom, that along with
neutrons is a constituent of all other atomic nuclei, that carries a positive charge numerically equal to
the charge of an electron, and that has a mass of 1.673×10−24 gram.
Saturated fats - is solid at room temperature, and comes chiefly from animal food products; some
examples are butter, lard, meat fat, solid shortening, palm oil, and coconut oil; tends to raise the level of
cholesterol in the blood.
Solid - state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are
relatively stable.
Solute - a substance dissolved in another substance, usually the component of a solution
present in the lesser amount.
Solvent - the component of a solution that does not change its state in forming the solution
or the component that is present in excess.
Sterols Any of a group of predominantly unsaturated solid alcohols of the steroid group, such ascholesterol and
ergosterol, present in the fatty tissues of plants and animals
Triglycerides - a lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids; the major form of
fat stored by the body
Unsaturated fats - a fat that is liquid at room temperature and comes from a plant, such as olive,
peanut, corn, cottonseed, sunflower, safflower, or soybean oil; tends not to raise the level of LDL ('bad')
cholesterol in the blood