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APPENDICULA R SKELETON The Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral girdle • Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk • Pelvic girdle • Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk • Upper and lower limbs differ in function • BUT: Share the same structural plan The Pectoral Girdle Acromioclavicular joint • Consists of the clavicle Clavicle COLLAR BONE and the scapula SHOULDER BLADE • Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle Clavicles Sternal (medial) end • Extend horizontally across the superior thorax • Sternal end articulates with the manubrium • Acromial end articulates with • scapula • Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view Provide attachment for muscles Hold the scapulae and arms laterally • Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Acromial end Trapezoid line Anterior Posterior Conoid tubercle Right clavicle, inferior view Sternal end Impression for costoclavicular ligament Right scapula, anterior aspect Scapulae • Have three borders • Superior • Medial (vertebral) • Lateral (axillary) Acromion Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Glenoid cavity • Have three angles • Lateral, superior, and inferior Lateral border Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle Figure 8-2b The scapula. Right scapula, posterior aspect Suprascapular notch Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Coracoid process Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border Right scapula, lateral aspect Supraspinous fossa Supraspinous fossa Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Infraspinous fossa Posterior Subscapular fossa Spine Glenoid cavity Infraspinous fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Anterior Subscapular fossa IT’S JUST A WEIRD-LOOKING BONE!! Inferior angle The Upper Limb • 30 bones form each upper limb • Grouped into bones of the: • Arm • Forearm • Hand Arm Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus • Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow • Humerus • The only bone of the arm • Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb • Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder • Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow Head of humerus Head of humerus Anatomical neck Anatomical neck Greater tubercle Surgical neck Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea Trochlea Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Anterior view Posterior view DETAILED views of articulation at the elbow. (Humerus of the right arm) Humerus Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Lateral epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Medial epicondyle Coronoid process of ulna Head Radial tuberosity Neck Radial notch Radius Anterior view at the elbow region Ulna Ulna Posterior view of extended elbow Radius Forearm • Formed from the radius and ulna • Proximal ends articulate with the humerus • Distal ends articulate with carpals • The interosseous membrane • Interconnects radius and ulna • In anatomical position; the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial ulna radius ULNA: • Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus • Hinge joint -allows forearm to bend on arm • Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage • Plays little to no role in hand movement Radius: • Medially—the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna • Contributes heavily to the wrist joint • Distal radius articulates with carpal bones • Moves the hand Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon Head Troclear notch Neck Olecranon Head of radius Neck of radius Coronoid process Radial tuberosity Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Anterior view Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Posterior view Major landmarks of the ulna Ulnar notch of radius • Olecranon Articulation for lunate • Radial notch Articulation for scaphoid • Trochlear notch • Coronoid process Radial styloid process • Ulnar styloid process View Olecranon View Head of ulna Ulnar styloid proces Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view When the radius moves, the hand moves with it. Radius • Major landmarks of the radius: • • • • Head Neck Radial tuberosity Radial styloid process Hand • Includes the following bones Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal • Carpus—wrist • Metacarpals—palm • Phalanges—fingers 8 Carpal bones (make up the carpus) • Are arranged in two irregular rows • Proximal row from lateral to medial • Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform • Distal row from lateral to medial • Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate • A mnemonic to help remember carpals: • “Sally left the party to take Carmen home” Carpals Hamate Capitate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Sesamoid bones V IV III II I Ulna Anterior view of right hand Carpals Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid Radius Metacarpus • Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist • Metacarpals form the palm • Numbered I-V, beginning with the pollex (thumb) • Bases articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals • Heads articulate distally with the proximal phalanges V IV III II I Pelvic Girdle • Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments • Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur • Lower limbs have less freedom of movement • Are more stable than the arm Coxal Bones Ilium Pubis Ischium • Consists of three separate bones in childhood • Ilium, ischium, and pubis • Bones fuse, retain separate names Table 8-2 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3) The Lower Limb • Carries the entire weight of the erect body • Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb • Divided into three segments • Thigh, leg, and foot Thigh and Kneecap Fovea capitis Neck Head • The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee • Femur—the single bone of the thigh Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera • Longest and strongest bone of the body • Ball-shaped head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa • Patella • Sesamoid – embedded in a tendon that secures the quadricep muscles Greater trochanter Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Femur (thigh bone) Posterior view Leg • Tibia— think “tough” - Receives weight of the body from the femur Articular surface of medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Head Medial condyle Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity • Fibula— think “fine” • Does not contribute to knee joint • Stabilizes the ankle joint Interosseous membrane Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia • Interosseous membrane--Connects the tibia and fibula Fibula Tibia Fibular notch Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Anterior view Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Posterior view The Foot • Composed of • Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges • Important functions • Supports body weight • Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking • Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground Hallux = big toe Metatarsals and 14 phalanges Body weight is borne primarily by the talus and calcaneus Trochlea of talus articulates with the tibia Talus Medial And Lateral Lateral malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Navicular First metatarsal Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Medial view Medial cuneiform Medial malleolar facet Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Calcaneus Calcaneal tuberosity Talus VIEWS OF THE FOOT Calcaneus Lateral view Cuboid Fifth metatarsal
