Download types of movement

TH
6 FORM
INDUCTION TASK
BTEC SPORT
LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA
Mr Masson
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Different bone structures can limit the type and range of movement at each particular joint.
The table lists the range of different movement patterns the body can produce.
Provide a definition of the movement action and an example of where this can be seen in sport.
TYPE
DEFINITION
SPORTING EXAMPLE
FLEXION
decreasing the angle of the joint
Eg bending arm at elbow
catching a ball in netball (bending at
elbow)
extended knee after kicking a football
EXTENSION
increasing the angle of the joint
Eg straightening arm
ABDUCTION
movement away from the midline of the cartwheel (action at shoulder)
body
Eg lifting arm out to side
ADDUCTION
movement toward the midline of the
body
Eg lowering arm down again
long jump when landing (action at hips)or
breast stroke legs (hips)
movement in a curve around the joint
Eg rotating head side to side
front crawl breathing (action at neck)
ROTATION
circular motion combining all of the
bowling in cricket
CIRCUMDUCTION above
Eg swinging arm round in complete circle
PLANTAR
FLEXION
movement of foot downwards
Eg pointing toes
kicking a football (before make contact
with ball)
pointing toes when balancing in gym
movement of toes towards tibia
landing in a plyometric jump off a box
(ankle)
DORSI FLEXION
turning the palm downwards
PRONATION
turning the palm upwards
SUPINATION
Turning foot outwards
EVERSION
turning foot inwards
INVERSION
JOINT MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
PRESS-UP: Read through the questions below, and then perform a press-up. Think about what
is happening at each phase of the press-up, and then complete the table below.
1 The downward phase:
a What is happening at the elbow joint?
b Which muscle is contracting?
c What type of contraction is it performing?
2 The upward phase:
a What is happening at the elbow joint?
b Which muscle is contracting?
c What type of contraction is it performing?
3 Try to hold the press-up at the end of the downward phase:
a Which muscle feels as if it is contracting?
b What type of contraction is it performing?
Type of Movement
Contracting Muscle
Type of Contraction
1
2
3
SQUAT: Going through the same process as above, perform a squat and, using the knee joint
this time, fill in the table below.
Type of Movement
Contracting Muscle
Type of Contraction
1
2
3
CHIN-UP: Going through the same process as above, perform a chin-up and, using the elbow
joint, fill in the table below.
Type of Movement
1
2
3
Contracting Muscle
Type of Contraction
BICEP CURL: Perform a bicep curl and, using the elbow joint, fill in the table below.
Type of Movement
Type of Contraction
Agonist
Antagonist
1 (Upward)
2 (Downward)
3 (Held)
TRICEP-DIP: Perform a tricep-dip and, using the elbow joint, fill in the table below.
Type of Movement
Type of Contraction
Agonist
Antagonist
1 (Upward)
2 (Downward)
3 (Held)
LEG EXTENSION:
Perform a leg extension exercise and, using the knee joint, fill in the
table below.
Type of Movement
Type of Contraction
Agonist
Antagonist
1 (Upward)
2 (Downward)
3 (Held)
LEG CURL:
Perform a leg curl exercise and, using the knee joint, fill in the table below.
Type of Movement
1 (Upward)
2 (Downward)
3 (Held)
Type of Contraction
Agonist
Antagonist
ISSUES IN FITNESS TESTS
REASONS FOR FITNESS TESTING
Fitness testing is a way of gathering information for the planning of effective training programmes
or monitoring components of fitness.
Why do athletes use fitness testing?
To provide a starting point when planning a training programme (gather information on
fitness levels)
To identify strengths/weaknesses in specific fitness components
To measure progress/meet targets (can monitor changes in fitness levels)
To provide comparison with other athletes (identify potential talent)
To help maintain enthusiasm/motivation by illustrating progress/set targets
To evaluate training programmes
To monitor progress after an injury
When should fitness testing be carried out?
• At the beginning of training
• Middle/regularly during training
• End of training
PARQ
Prior to any testing, an individual’s current state of health and fitness should be assessed by
means of a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ). Also the person being tested
should give prior consent for tests to be undertaken.
• PARQ is designed to highlight people who would be at risk of injury/illness through
participation.
• PARQ also helps highlight activities that are unsuitable or some people.
• It is used by health clubs/gyms as a precaution against legal liability.
LIMITATIONS, ETHICS, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Testing is only valuable if it tests what is intended and if the results are reliable.
• Test specificity means that the chosen test must be designed to assess an individual’s fitness
for the activity in question.
E.g. a swimmer using a treadmill to test for endurance would not be specific and would be of
little use as an indication of fitness for swimmers.
• Test validity refers to whether the test actually tests what you want it to do. Is it specific
enough? Most tests measure more than one thing and are affected by a range of factors.
• Test objectivity means that key factors that may influence or distort results are taken into
account. The agreed specific test protocol will have attempted to eliminate the elements which
may produce inaccurate results. These include:
• Test reliability refers to whether the test can be repeated/replicated within the exact
environment in order to make it comparable with the only variable acting on the result being
fitness level
What influences could cause variations in results?:
• Weather, temperature, humidity, noise level, food intake
• Health, diet, motivation/mood
• Prior test knowledge/experience
• Test conditions – surface
• Time of day
•
Same tester
• Accuracy of testing is whether the results obtained are ‘accurate’ in terms of human error, etc
Accuracy can be assisted by:
1 fully preparing the individual to be tested
2 comprehensively organising the test
3 paying close attention to the protocol of the test
• Limitations
What are the limitations of fitness testing?
• Not sports specific
• Expense
• Availability
• Not accurate
• Does not measure what it sets out to/does not achieve its aims
• Difficult to replicate conditions/reliability
• Need for athlete motivation
DIFFERENCES IN FITNESS MEASURES WITH AGE
As people age, some tests are more appropriate and indeed safer than others. Fitness measures
with age describes the need to select tests that are appropriate to use in consideration of a
person’s age. Many tests are unsuitable for young developing children as well as elderly people.
FITNESS TESTS: Application and understanding of
protocols of recognised tests for fitness
In terms of performance, fitness components vary in their importance according to the
sport or activity concerned. Each component of physical fitness can be measured by using
appropriate tests.
FITNESS
COMPONENT
FITNESS TEST
Strength
Hand grip or leg strength using a
dynamometer
PROTOCOL
Bench press using free weights
(maximum weight that can be lifted in
a single contraction)
30m sprint (running start)
Speed
Vertical (Sergeant) jump
Standing broad jump
1. Measure the vertical reach of an
athlete
2. Jump and record the highest
height reached
3. Subtract the 1st reading from
the 2nd to provide the height
that the athlete has jumped
NCF abdominal curl test
Chin-ups/sit-ups/press-ups, etc in a
set period of time
1. 2 markers 20 metres apart
2. Run between the markers in time
to bleeps on a tape recorder
3. The time between bleeps
gradually reduces
4. Failure to make 3 consecutive
bleeps concludes the test
Cardiovascular
(aerobic)
endurance
(VO2 max)
Cooper 12 min run
Harvard step test
FITNESS
COMPONENT
Anaerobic
endurance
FITNESS TEST
PROTOCOL
Running based anaerobic test (RAST)
Sit and reach (tests hamstring
flexibility. Used by sprinters to
determine the range of motion of
their hamstring muscle group)
Shoulder flexibility test
Coordination
Juggling
Reaction time
Ruler drop test
Illinois agility run
Agility
Stork balance
(static situation)
Balance
Wobble board (dynamic situation)
Which fitness tests test…..?
STRENGTH
SPEED
POWER
LOCAL MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE
(aerobic capacity/VO2 max)
ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE
FLEXIBILITY
COORDINATION
BALANCE
AGILITY
REACTION TIME
Principles of training: SPORT/MOR/FITT?
Ensure your training programme is fun and interesting or it will be difficult to stick to
How hard you train
A gradual increase in workload over a period of time that leads to physical adaptations
according to the intensity, duration and type of training undertaken.
What activities you include in training programme
Is when an athlete trains again before the body has recovered from the previous
training session.
Is necessary for the benefits of training to take effect and may take the form of
complete rest or of an alternative, less demanding activity
How often you train
Training and recovery periods are balanced to allow the body sufficient time for
recovery without losing the benefits of training.
Increasing the stress applied to the body in order to encourage the body to
adapt/improve.
How long you train/rest
Training must be relevant to the sport or activity being undertaken
When training stops, the body systems quickly return to pre-training states
Define 3 types of strength with sporting example.
Define 7 different components of fitness. Name a sport requiring each component.
Complete this diagram
RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS TO
EXERCISE AND TRAINING
The body shows two kinds of responses to exercise:
 RESPONSES = Immediate short-term changes that only last for the duration of the activity
and the recovery itself. E.g. an increase in HR prior to a 100m final
 ADAPTATIONS = Long-term/permanent changes that are achieved after a period of training.
E.g. a decrease in resting heart rate as a result of aerobic training.
RESPONSES TO EXERCISE:
RESPONSE
Heart rate
Ventilation
Adrenaline
Vascular shunting
Muscular temperature
Synovial fluid
Extremities/Face
Speed of nerve impulse
Muscle fatigue
REASON
BENEFIT