Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Was it in the best interests of the United States to stay neutral or declare war in 1917? Militarism - policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another Nationalism - pride in or devotion to one’s country Imperialism - when one country takes over another country economically and politically Assassination - murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I: ASSASSINATION Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28th, 1914. European Alliances as World War I Begins Nations Britain France Germany 1914 1915 1916 $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899 •Immigrants (foreign born) in the U.S. •Germany 2.5 million •Austria-Hungary 1.6 million •Ireland 1.2 million •Great Britain 1.2 million •Russia 1.7 million •Italy 1.3 million foreign •The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name. -Woodrow Wilson’s Statement on Neutrality (1914) “Neutrality is no longer feasible.” “The right is more precious than peace.” 82 – 6/Senate 373 – 50/House The United States joins the Allies Lafayette, we are here! First time the U.S. government committed to sending large numbers of troops across the sea Most Americans thought we’d only send supplies or food Selective Service National draft (all men ages 21-30 had to register) American Expeditionary Force under Pershing “doughboys” (the first infantry to reach Europe) Separate unit not joined to the Allies because Pershing disagreed with the defensive, trench warfare Give the U.S. a greater voice in the after war peace Thanks to Russian involvement, the Germans had to fight a two front war In 1918 the Treaty of BrestLitovsk was signed Communist Russia (now the U.S.S.R.) was out of the war Central Powers gained territory given up by the Russians No more war on the Eastern Front Pacifists- people who oppose all war for political, moral, or religious reasons Conscientious Objectors- people who opposed war for religious or moral reasons and therefore refused to serve in the armed forces (often risking going to prison) Women’s Peace Party (led by Jane Addams) Feared that U.S.’s entry into war would diminish support for their reform How is America’s democracy looking these days? Committee on Public Information (CPI) George Creel led this government created committee in attempt to sell the war to the public. Films, Books, and Four Minute Men (speakers around the country) Raising money for the war effort came through taxes and liberty bonds Taxes funded ¼ of the cost (War Revenue Act) Increased income taxes (16th Amendment) during WWI War Industries Board- headed by Bernard Baruch coordinated the work of government agencies, and industry groups To make sure supplies and equipment were produced and delivered to the military National War Labor Boardgovernment worked to ensure the cooperation of unions Food and Fuel Food Administration- oversaw the production and distribution of food and fuel Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, Gasless Sundays, and Heatless Mondays Victory Gardens (one in front of the White House) Most supported the war effort and the NAACP encouraged people to serve in the military WEB Du Bois wrote, “Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our own white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy.” Great Migration Mass movement of African Americans to the North. Chicago, New York City, Cleveland saw an explosion of black residents Race Riots broke out in 1919 A St. Louis factory owner brought in black workers to break up a strike and a riot broke out causing 30 African-Americans to die and 9 whites Immigrants needed to appear “americanized” Most immigrants supported the war American Protective League-self appointed patriot group that targeted immigrants for being disloyal German Americans were often attacked and targeted Espionage Act (1917)- “spying”- made it a crime to try and interfere with the military draft and set penalties for spying, sabotage, and “obstruction of the war effort.” Sedition Act (1918)- made it a crime to say anything that was disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government Wobblies- members of the Industrial Workers of the World spoke out against the war. 165 arrested, 1 hanged, viewed as disloyal Schenck v. United States Charles Schenck, a socialist, was charged with espionage for distributing leaflets to recent draftees, urging them to resist the military draft. First Amendment? Freedom of Speech? Unanimous decision- Schenck’s publications created a clear and present danger to a nation engaged in war. From “Lafayette, we are here! -1917… …To on the Eleventh day, of the Eleventh month at the Eleventh hour = armistice -1918 The U.S.’s main contributions to the ultimate victory: Foodstuffs and munitions Oil for this first mechanized war And manpower, but not battlefield victories Yanks found only two major battles—at St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne, both in the last two months of the four-year war It was the prospect of endless U.S. troop reserves rather than America’s actual military performances that eventually demoralized the Germans Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % of Mobilized Allied Powers Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3 France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3 British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1 United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2 Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2 Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2 Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2 Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4 Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6 Montenegro Total Central Powers Germany Fourteen Points- Wilson’s blueprint for peace Do you remember what caused World War I in the first place? Woodrow Wilson remembered. End to Secret Alliances Freedom of Seas European Reduction of Armaments (weapons) Right to Self Determination Creation of the League of Nations –an international peace keeping organization in which countries would protect territorial integrity Big Four-: W. Wilson (US), D. Lloyd George (GB), G. Clemenceau (France) and V. Orlando (Italy) The European victors were not really buying what Woody was selling… Germany will respect the independence of Austria, the complete independence of Czechoslovakia and of Poland. Germany surrenders all her rights and titles over her overseas countries. The German military forces shall be demobilized and reduced not to exceed 100,000 men. The German navy must not exceed 6 battleships, 6 light cruisers, 12 destroyers, and 12 torpedo boats. No submarines are to be included. The Armed Forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces. Germany and her Allies accept the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to the Allied Powers. Germany will pay for all damages done to the civilian population and property of the Allied Governments. [The figure was later set at $33 billion]. The German territory situated to the west of the Rhine River will be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years. Wilson (a Democrat) needed 2/3 vote to ratify the treaty but the Republicans were hesitant Partisanship (rivalry between the parties) defeats the treaty Many Senators felt the treaty would drag us into world affairs (the League of Nations) and war Some Democrats turned on Wilson and voted the treaty down. The treaty is rejected by 7 votes Wilson takes his case to the public in hopes of saving his treaty in the election of 1920 (a “solemn referendum”) and suffers a massive stroke By 1921 the League of Nations was running without the U.S. as a member (whose president had created it) A return to isolationism Could WWII have been avoided if the US joined the League of Nations?