Download Circulatory system

The Animal Kingdom
•
Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth.
• About 800,000 species have been identified.
• Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within Kingdom Animalia.
Mollusca
5%
Arthropoda
87%
Other
12%
Chordata
2%
Cnidaria
1%
Platyhelminthes
1%
Nematoda
1%
Annelida
1%
Porifera
1%
Echinodermata
1%
The Animal Kingdom
The Animal Kingdom
• Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of
differentiated haploid cells (eggs and sperm).
•Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of
adults contain two copies of the genetic material.
•Some animals can reproduce asexually through
budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis
Animal Systems
• Skeletal: exoskeleton (i.e. shells), endoskeleton, or other special
adaptations (i.e. bones) provide support, protection
• Muscular: muscle attachment to skeletal systems allows for locomotion
• Digestion: incomplete or complete digest food and absorb nutrients
• Circulatory: open or closed circulatory systems distribute of nutrients and
oxygen; remove of wastes
• Respiratory: Absorption of oxygen; removal of CO2 by lungs, book-lungs,
gills
• Excretory: Removal of wastes through nephrites or kidneys
• Nervous: Perception, control of movement, control and coordination of
organ system activities by brain, spinal cord, nerves, nerve-net
• Reproductive: Production of new organisms through sexual or asexual
reproduction (organisms may be male, female, or hermaphroditic)
The Animal Kingdom
• The animal kingdom can be divided into two
categories: Invertebrate and Vertebrate
Obj. 4 – 14
Invertebrate Animals
Intro to Invertebrates
• Animals without backbones
Invertebrate Phylums
Porifera
Cnidarians
Platyhelminthes
Nematodes
Annelids
Mollusks
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Note Taking Chart
Kingdom
Animalia (invertebrate)
Phylum
Class
Representative members
Symmetry
Nervous system
Digestive system
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Excretory system
Reproductive system
Skeletal system
Locomotion
Other distinguishing info.
Porifera (pore bearing)
Characteristics
•They look like plants but they are animals (most primitive).
•Mostly marine (colorful); some fresh water (dull green)
•Adult sponges stay fixed in one place; larvae free swimming.
•No symmetry.
•Their bodies are full of holes (pores) and their skeleton is
made of spiky fibers called spicules.
•Filter-feeders of plankton. Water pumped through pores by
flagellum movement of collar cells, microvilli trap plankton,
water enters center cavity and exits through osculum.
WATER OUT
Water Flow
Through the
Sponge
WATER IN
Osculum
Porifera cont. . .
• Sponges are hermaphroditic
• Reproduce both sexually
(collar cells form sperm and
eggs) and asexually
(fragmentation and budding).
• No formal excretory,
respiratory, or circulatory
system – these functions
occur through diffusion.
• Has no nervous system
central
cavity
A. Collar cells
B. Epidermal cell
C. Pore cell
D. Osculum
F. Spicule
sponge video clips
• HD Vid of Sponges
• How a sponge works
Note Taking Chart
Kingdom
Animalia (invertebrate)
Phylum
Class
Representative members
Symmetry
Porifera
n/a
sponges
asymmetrical
Nervous system
None – not even any nerve cells
Digestive system
Filter-feeder: water pumped through pores into central cavity by flagellum of
collar cells; food trapped in microvilli (intracellular digestion)
Circulatory system
by diffusion at the cellular level
Respiratory system
by diffusion at the cellular level
Excretory system
by diffusion at the cellular level
Reproductive system
Skeletal system
Locomotion
Other distinguishing info.
Sexually (collar cells produce sperm & egg); asexually (budding or fragmentation)
Framework provided by glass-like fibers called spicules
sessile
Mostly marine/some fresh water; no organs; no coelom, cephalization, external
segmentation, or gut. *See Diagram
Cnidarian
• Jellyfish, Hydra, Corals
Characteristics
• mostly marine; some fresh water
• Form alter between polyp (sessile)
and medusa (mobile)
• No centralized nervous system;
possesses a nerve-net and muscle
fibers for stimuli response
• Stinging cells on tentacles
(nematocytes) for defense and
capturing prey.
Cnidarian cont. . .
• No formal circulatory, excretory, or
respiratory system; movement of
particles by diffusion at cell level
• Digestion begins in the
gastrovascular cavity and finishes
in cellular organelles
• Reproduces both sexually,
asexually (budding or fragmentation),
or both (self fertilization)
Cnidarians cont. . .
• Possess specialized gonads that produce both
sperm and eggs (hermaphroditic)
• Demonstrates radial symmetry
• Some members have hydrostatic skeletons,
others posses exoskeletons or endoskeletons
composed of chitin or minerals like calcium
carbonate.
• Cnidaria (Coelenterates)
• Dangerous Jellyfish
Cnidaria video clips
invertebrate video clips
Platyhelminthes
Characteristics
• Flatworms (i.e. planaria, tapeworms, flukes)
• Flat ribbon-like body
• Live in water or as parasites in intestines
• Possess bilateral symmetry (cephalization)
• Simple digestive system; food and waste go in
and out the same opening
Platyhelminthes cont. . .
• Possess a nervous system of a simple brain
(ganglion) and ventral nerve chord; eyespots
capable of detecting light
• No organized respiratory, circulatory or excretory
system; diffusion at the cellular level
Platyhelminthes cont. . .
• Has a thick cuticle for protection
• Hermaphroditic; reproduces sexually, asexually
(fragmentation), or both (self-fertilization)
• Has no coelom
• Support from hydrostatic skeleton
Flatworms regenaration
Tapeworm Diet
Nematoda
Characteristics
• Round worms (i.e. pinworms,
hookworms, trichina worms)
• are less than 1 mm long.
• There are loads of nematodes in soil and
water.
• Some are decomposers others parasites
of animals or plants (cause trichinosis
and hookworm disease)
Nematoda cont. . .
• Pinworms and hookworms in soil burrow
into the skin of people who go barefoot
outdoors
• Trichina worms infest people who eat
undercooked pork or wild game.
• Live in damp places and they can also
live inside humans and other animals.
• They too can make people and other
animals sick.
Nematoda cont. . .
• Round body form; outer body not
segmented
• Psuedocoelomate
• Bilateral symmetry (cephalization)
• Simple digestive tract with mouth and
anus
• Simple nervous system; dorsal and
ventral nerve chords
Nematoda cont. . .
• Move by thrashing back and forth
• Reproduce sexually (internal
fertilization)
• Circulatory and respiratory system
consists of diffusion at cellular level
• Hydrostatic skeleton
roundworm video clip
hookeworm videoclip
Annelida
Characteristics
• Segmented worms (i.e. earthworm,
leach)
• Bilateral symmetry (cephalization)
• External segmentation; each segment
contains nephridia (excretory device)
that remove water and waste
• First evidence of a true coelom
Annelida cont. . .
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Simple closed circulatory system (blood
contained in vessels moved from muscular
vessels called the hearts)
• Complete digestive tract (mouth and anus)
• Possesses a cuticle outer covering
• Has well developed organs
• Gas exchange through skin in some; gills in
others
Annelida cont . . .
• Nervous system: cephalic ganglia &
double nerve chords; chemo-,balance,
& photo- receptors (some have
advanced eyes)
• Hermaphroditic; reproduce sexually,
asexually (fragmentation), or both
• Found in marine, fresh water, and
terrestrial habitats
• From filter-feeders to active predators
Terebellid worm videoclip
worm hearts videoclip
worm birth video clip
Earthworm movement
videoclip
earthworm digestion
videoclip
mating earthworms
Mollusca
Characteristics
• i.e. snails, clams, slugs, squid etc.
• Basic body structure – mantle, shell, foot
• All have a mantle (fold of tissue draped
around it’s soft fleshy body, contains vital
organs and secretes material for shells)
• Most have shells for structure and
protection
• Most have some type of muscular foot for
locomotion
Mollusca cont. . .
• Found in aquatic (fresh and marine) & terrestrial
habitats
• Developed nervous system with ganglia and
paired nerve chords (some have large brains with
well developed sense organs)
• Has an open circulatory system
• Gas exchange organ – gills; mantle for some
• Possess a gut with mouth and anus
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Have mesoderm lined body cavity
Mollusca cont. . .
• Developed excretory system with use of kidneys
• Hydrostatic skeleton; some have shell
(exoskeleton)
• Possess a radula – a toothed tongue for feeding
and defense for some
• some sessile, most are motile
Mollusca cont. . .
• Normally sexual reproduction (external
fertilization); hermaphroditic and independent sex
organisms
• Mollusks Overview
Three different classes of Mollusca:
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
Mollusca – Class Bivalvia
• i.e. Clams, scallops, oysters
• Habitat is mostly marine with
some fresh water species; no
land dwellers
• Flattened shells divided in two
halves hinged together; adductor
muscles hold shells together to
protect soft-bodied organism
Mollusca – Class Bivalvia
• Bilaterally symmetrical yet lack
cephalization
• Hatchet shaped foot that
extends through open shell
anchoring (may aid locomotion
in some species
• Most use water propulsion for
locomotion
• Most are filter feeders but some
can be scavengers or predators
Mollusca – Class Bivalvia
•
•
•
•
•
Gut includes a mouth and an anus
Only mulluscan class without a radula
Gills used for respiration
Possess an open circulatory system
Separate sexes with external fertilization
(some oysters produce over 50 million eggs
per season)
• Bivalves Overview
• Oyster Swimming
• Giant Clams
Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
• i.e. Snails, slugs, abolone
• Name literally means “stomach foot”, describing
the mode of transportation
• The largest and highlty distributed of the
mulluscan classes
• Water (marine & fresh) dwellers have gills; land
dwellers have lungs
• Depending on species they can be predacious,
herbivors or scavengers
Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
• Possess an open circulatory system
• Head well developed possessing eyes and
tenticles
• Foot flattened to creeping sole
• Use radula to graze on photosynthetic
organisms
Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
• Abolones and snails have shells to protect
organs
• Reproduction is variable but most have
separate sexes with external fertilization
• Some may be hermaphroditic and some
protandric hermaphroditic (male – female as
age)
• Gastropod Movement
Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
• i.e. Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautalis
• Tentacles – modified foot found near the head (cephalo –
head; poda – foot)
• Only mollusk with closed circulatory system
• Locomotion through water propulsion (squid) or crawling
on the ocean floor (octopus)
• Large well developed eyes (what does this tell us about
cephalization and bilateral symmetry?)
• Giant Squid
• Legend of The Kraken
Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
• Skeleton: exoskeleton – shell (only the
chambered nautalis); endoskeleton - internal
shell or cuttlebone or pen (cuttlefish and squid)
• Marine carnivores with beak-like jaws
surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
• Most developed nervous system and sensory
organs (i.e. complex eyes) of mollusks – brain is
largest of any invertebrates
• Capable of communicating through visual
signals
Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
• Most possess an ink sac for
protection/evasion
• Respiration by diffusion across mantle
• Possess a complete digestive tract
• Sexes are separate with sexual
dimorphism in some (i.e. male
modified arm)
• Juveniles hatch directly from eggs – no
larvae
• Swimming with Nautiluses
Arthropoda
General Characteristics
• i.e. lobsters, millipedes, spiders, insects
• jointed appendages (arthro- means join
and pod- means foot); structure dictates
locomotion
• External and internal segmentation
(head, abdomen, thorax)
• appendages modified for walking,
feeding, sensory reception, copulation,
and defense.
• Arthropds Part1
• Arthropods Part 2
Arthropoda
• Process of growth called molting
which sheds an old skeleton and
secrete a new exoskeleton
• Well developed sensory organs such as
eyes, olfactory receptors (smell), and
antennae (touch and smell).
• Cephalization (nervous system consists
of ganglia and nerve chords)
• Open circulatory system
Arthropoda
• Most – sexual reproduction; some can be
parthenogenic; internal fertilization; most
lay eggs
• Most life cycles include metamorphosis
(changing from larval stage to adult stage)
• Respiratory – water = gills, land =
tracheas/book-lungs; some through body
surface
• Largest phylum (#’s) in the animal kingdom
• Eucoelomates
• Gut is complete
Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
• Characteristics
• i.e. spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
• Nearly all terrestrial; some marine spiders
• Lack antennae
• Have simple eyes (single lense)
• Cephalization (ganglia and nerve chords)
• Digestion – inject digestive juices into prey
and stuck up liquefied tissues; external
digestion
Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
• Many have silk glands which are used to
produce silk for webs, escape drop-lines,
and coats for eggs
• Two body parts cephalothorax & abdomen
• Cephalothorax has six pairs of
appendages:
- fan-like chelicere – equipped with
poison glands to attack prey
- pedipalps – which function in feeding
- four pairs for walking legs
Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
• Respiration through trachea/book-lungs;
through cuticle in smaller organisms
• Mostly predators; some parasites
• Exoskeleton; muscles
• Open circulatory
• Complete digestive tract
• True coelom
• Locomotion: walk, crawl, swim, by host
• Sexual reproduction; separate sexes;
internal fertilization; lay eggs
• Spiders National Geographic
Arthropoda – Class Diplopoda
• Characteristics
• i.e. millipedes
• Breath with trachea
• Segmented body with two pairs of walking
legs per segment (total between 11 & 375
pairs)
• Terrestial – herbivors/detrivors
• Distinct head with large antennae and
chewing mouth parts – including mandibles
• Protection – emit poisonous, foul smelling
substance
Arthropoda – Class Diplopoda
• Exoskeleton
• Separate sexes; sexual dimorphism,
internal fertilization
• Eggs sometimes protected (mostly by
females); youth undergo metamorphosis
• Complete digestive tract
• Brain and nerve chords
• Respiration through trachea tubes (spiracles)
• Open circulatory system
Arthropoda – Class Chilopoda
• Characteristics
• i.e. centipedes
• Segmented body with trunk segments of
body having one pair of legs per segment
• Appendages of first body segment are
modified as poison claws
• Distinct head with large antennae and
three pairs of mouth parts – including
mandible
• Centipede BBC
Arthropoda – Class Chilopoda
• Sexual reproduction; separate sexes;
some lay eggs, some have live young;
no metamorphosis
• Respiration through spiracles
• Reproduction doesn’t include
copulation; males leave sperm for
female to take up
• Females stay with eggs for protection
and some stay with young until they
are able to protect themselves
Arthropoda – Class Chilopoda
• Complete digestive tract
• Brain and nerve chords
• Open circulatory system
• Terrestrial; living in damp areas;
carnivores; predators
• coelomate
Arthropoda – Class Crustacea
• Characteristics
• i.e. lobster, crab, shrimp, crayfish
• The only arthropod with two pairs of
antennae
• Appendages are very specialized
• Three or more pairs of appendages are
modified as mouth parts – including hard
mandibles
• Pairs of walking legs are found on the
thorax
Arthropoda – Class Crustacea
• Pairs of walking legs are found on the
thorax
• Small appendages found on the abdomen
known as swimmerets
• Small ones exchange gases across the
cuticle, larger ones have gills
• Semi-open circulatory system – a heart
pumps blood through arteries into sinuses
that bathe the organs
Arthropoda – Class Crustacea
• Excretion occurs by the diffusion of
nitrogenous wastes
• Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
• Are able to regenerate lost or damaged
appendages
• Exoskeleton
• Coelomate
• Examples of Crustaceans
• Crustacean examples Part 2
Arthropoda – Class Crustacea
• Ganglia and nerve chord
• Complete digestive tract with green glands
that provide digestive juices
• Respiration – gills
• Sexual reproduction; internal fertilization;
sexual dimorphism
Arthropoda – Class Insecta
• Characteristics
• i.e. beetles, flies, ants, bees, termites, praying
mantis
• Body has three regions (head, thorax,
abdomen)
• Head contains a pair of antennae, a pair of
compound eyes, several pairs of appendages
modified for piercing and sucking
• Thorax has three pairs of walking legs
• Abdomen usually the largest of the three
sections on the body
Arthropoda – Class Insecta
• Internally, an insect has several complex
organ systems
- complete complex digestive tract
- open circulatory system
- excretory organs called malpighian tubules
- reparation – trachea system (spiracles)
- nervous – ganglia and nerve chords
- reproduction – sexual; internal fertilization;
egg layers; larva goes through
metamorphosis
Echinodermata
Characteristics
• i.e. sea star, sea urchins, sea cucumber, sand
dollars
• Echin- = spiny, -derma = skin
• Radially symmetrical – internal and external
parts radiate from the centre of the body,
often with five spokes
• Radial adults develop from bilateral larvae
• A thin skin covers an endoskeleton
Echinodermata
• Closed circulatory system; water vascular
system – a system of hydraulic canals that
branch into tube feet and function in
movement, feeding, and respiration
• Sexual reproduction; separate sexes but no
apparent sexual dimorphism; mostly external
fertilization; larvae hatch from eggs (some
species stay with young until they can survive
on own)
• Able to regenerate lost or damaged body
parts
• Complete gut
Echinodermata
• Locomotion through tube-feet for some
species
• No centralized nervous system; a nerve-ring
surrounds the stomach with extending radialnerve chords; no formalized brain or sense
organs
• Food habits: filter-feeders to predators
• Possess a true coelom
• Sea urchins
• Echinoderms