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1.The Nitrogen Cycle 2.Amino Acid Biosynthesis 3.Urea Cycle 4.Amino Acid Catabolism 5.Molecules Derived from Amino Acid (from Lehninger P873- 882) Page 810 The Nitrogen Cycle nitrite Nitrite reductase nitrate Page 812 Nitrogen Fixation Is by Nitrogenase Complex Page 815 The Fate of Ammonium Three major reactions in all cells: 1.Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I NH4+ +HCO3- +2ATPcarbamoyl-phosphate +2ADP+Pi +2H+ 2.Glutamate dehydrogenase 3.Glutamine synthetase The Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reaction Page 815 The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase Page 815 The Major Pathways of Ammonium Assimilation Lead to Glutamine Synthesis Page 816 Two principal pathways : 1. The GDH/GS pathway 2.GS/GOGAT in organisms confronting N limitation (GOGAT is glutamate synthase or glutamate:oxoglutarate amino transferase) The GDH/GS Pathway of Ammonium Assimilation Page 816 GDH: glutamate dehydrogenase GS: glutamine synthetase The GS/GOGAT Pathway of Ammonium Assimilation Page 817 The Subunit Organization of Bacterial Glutamine Synthetase Page 818 Page 817,818 & 820 Glutamine Synthetase (GS) in E. coli is regulated in three ways: 1.Feedback inhibition 2.Covalent modification (interconverts between inactive and active forms) 3.Regulation of gene expression Allosteric Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase by Feedback Inhibition Page 819 Covalent Modification of GS: Adenylylation of Tyr397 in the Glutamine Synthetase Page 819 The Covalent Modification of GS Page 820 Gene Expression Regulates GS Page 820 Amino Acids Are Formed from a-keto Acids by Page 821 Transamination Human Dietary Requirements for Amino Acids Page 822 Amino Acid Biosynthesis Page 822 Synthesis of Amino Acids in Bacteria Chapter 25 1 Page 822 Page 816 & 824 Page 825 Urea cycle arginine 2 Page 822 & 831 See page 831 Page 830 Page 830 3 Pyruvate + glutamateAlanine + a-KG Page 822 See P835 & P836 4 Page 822 Page 837 The Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) From Methionine Page 833 The Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) From Methionine Page 833 5 Page 822 Page 843 (also called Phenylalanine hydroxylase) Some of the Aromatic Compounds Derived from Chorismate Page 841 Some of the Aromatic Compounds Derived from Chorismate Page 840 Page 842 Histidine Biosynthesis and Purine Biosynthesis Are Connected by Common Intermediate Page 840 & 844 The Urea Cycle Page 827 Argininosuccinate synthetase Orithine transcarbamoylase Argininosuccinase arginase Alanine Transports Ammonia from Muscles to the Liver The TCA Cycle and Urea Cycle Can Be linked Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Herbicides Page 838 *uncompetitive & noncompetitive inhibitor Overview of the Catabolism of Amino Acids in Mammals Page 840 Metabolic Degradation of the Common Amino Acids Page 841 & 845 *glucogenic amino acid *ketogenic amino acid Asn Page 845 Page 848 Page 849 Maple syrup urine disease (楓漿尿病) Page 849 Page 850 Page 850 *Phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿症) Page 843 & 848 (phenylalanine hydroxylase) Phenylalanine + a-KG Aspatame transaminase Phenylpyruvate + glutamate *Alkaptonuria (黑尿症) Page 850 Homogentisate dioxygenase *Maple syrup urine disease (楓漿尿病) (page 846) *Alkaptonuria (黑尿症)(page 848) *Phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿症)(page 848) 1.Ammonotelic 2.Ureotelic 3.Uricotelic Page 850 Biomolecules Derived from Amino Acid (from Lehninger P873- 882) Page 854 & 855 1.Porphyrins Page 855 Aged erythrocyte Page 856 Jaundice 黄疸 2.Creatine Page 858 3.Glutathione Page 858 Page 858 4.Neurotransmitters Page 859 & 860 4.Polyamines Page 860 & 861 5.Nitric Oxide Page 860 & 861 Soluble Guanylyl Cyclases Are Receptors for Nitric Oxide Stripped away (sildenafil) Viagra 威而鋼 phosphodiesterase GMP