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www.pascack.k12.nj.us Pascack Hills HS Faculty Whitfield, James Env. Bio. Period #2 Excretion Dr. James Whitfield, Ph.D. Excretion The biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion Excretion The biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion Different organisms use different methods to accomplish this Excretion The biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion Different organisms use different methods to accomplish this Many multi-cellular organisms remove waste by simple diffusion from the body surface into the surrounding water Excretion However, as with other biological process, complex multi-cellular organisms (such as ourselves) use specialized organs to perform this function Excretion in Human Beings The excretory system in human beings includes a pair of kidney’s, a pair of ureters, a bladder and a urethra Excretion in Human Beings The excretory system in human beings includes a pair of kidney’s, a pair of ureters, a bladder and a urethra The kidney’s are located in the abdomen on either side of the spinal column. Excretion in Human Beings The excretory system in human beings includes a pair of kidney’s, a pair of ureters, a bladder and a urethra The kidney’s are located in the abdomen on either side of the spinal column. Urine produced in the kidney’s passes through the ureters, and is stored in the bladder until it is voided from the body through the urethra Old fashion surgery with significant scarring Modern laparoscopic surgery with Minimal scarring How is Urine Produced? The purpose of making urine is to filter waste products out of the blood Hoe is Urine Produced? The purpose of making urine is to filter waste products out of the blood Nitrogenous wastes such as urea or uric acid is removed from the blood through the kidney’s How is Urine Produced? The purpose of making urine is to filter waste products out of the blood Nitrogenous wastes such as urea or uric acid is removed from the blood through the kidney’s Therefore just like the lungs which as a small cluster of thin-walled blood capillaries to allow for removal of gaseous waste, the kidney’s also has clusters of capillaries for the diffusion of nitrogenous wastes How is Urine Produced? The Nephron How is Urine Produced? The Nephron The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. The nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life. How is Urine Produced? The Nephron The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life. The nephron is a cupped shaped structure that contains numerous capillary clusters used to collect filtered urine How is Urine Produced? The Nephron The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life. The nephron is a cupped shaped structure that contains numerous capillary clusters used to collect filtered urine There are about 800,000 – 1.5 million nephron in each human kidney How is Urine Produced? The Nephron The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life. The nephron is a cupped shaped structure that contains numerous capillary clusters used to collect filtered urine There are about 1 million nephron in each human kidney Some substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts and large amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows through the kidney How is Urine Produced? The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much excess water there is in the body and on how much dissolved waste there is to be excreted. How is Urine Produced? The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much excess water there is in the body and on how much dissolved waste there is to be excreted. If you are dehydrated (not enough water) you excrete very small amounts of highly concentrated urine How is Urine Produced? The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much excess water there is in the body and on how much dissolved waste there is to be excreted. If you are dehydrated (not enough water) you excrete very small amounts of highly concentrated urine If you are overly hydrated (to much water) you produce copious amount of very dilute urine. How is Urine Produced Once the final urine product is produced, it enters the ureter, which connects the kidney to the urinary bladder How is Urine Produced Once the final urine product is produced, it enters the ureter, which connects the kidney to the urinary bladder Urine is stored in the bladder (under pressure) until it passes out of the body through the ureter How is Urine Produced Once the final urine product is produced, it enters the ureter, which connects the kidney to the urinary bladder Urine is stored in the bladder (under pressure) until it passes out of the body through the ureter The external urinary sphincter muscle is under nervous control. Therefore most time the urge to void urine can be controlled for extended period of time A normal human kidney left. The kidney weigh approximately and is about 11-14 cm long. The kidneys above are greatly enlarged and covered in large pockets of water as a result of polycystic kidney disorders (PKD) While these enlargements are non-cancerous they can impede the function of the kidney, dramatically increase blood pressure and lead to renal failure. PKD is a genetic disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder in which Each parent has to carry the one copy of the defective PKHD1 gene What is wrong here? Nothing! – this is a normal cow kidney. The kidney along with the stomach are the only major organs that looks different in different in different species of mammals Excretion in Plants Pants use very different systems for excretion than animals Excretion in Plants Pants use very different systems for excretion than animals Remember oxygen is a waste product in plants (generated during photosynthesis) oxygen is released through small opening in the bottom of the leaves called stomates. Excretion in Plants Pants use very different systems for excretion than animals Remember oxygen is a waste product in plants (generated during photosynthesis) oxygen is released through small opening in the bottom of the leaves called stomates. Excess water is released though the process of transpiration (also utilizing stomates) Excretion in Plants Many waste products are stored in vacuoles inside the cells. Waste products stored in leaves simply fall off Excretion in Plants Many waste products are stored in vacuoles inside the cells. Waste products stored in leaves simply fall off Other waste products are stored as gums and resins in the old xylem Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) Failure if the kidney’s to work properly will lead to a build up of toxic waste in the blood and death within a relatively short period of time Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) Failure if the kidney’s to work properly will lead to a build up of toxic waste in the blood and death within a relatively short period of time In the case of kidney failure an artificial kidney may be used Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) Failure if the kidney’s to work properly will lead to a build up of toxic waste in the blood and death within a relatively short period of time In the case of kidney failure an artificial kidney may be used An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood through the process of dialysis Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) An artificial kidney works by passing blood from the body through a series of tubes with a semi-permeable lining Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) An artificial kidney works by passing blood from the body through a series of tubes with a semi-permeable lining The blood passes through a tank filled with dialysis fluid with the same osmotic pressure of blood – without the nitrogenous wastes Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) An artificial kidney works by passing blood from the body through a series of tubes with a semi-permeable lining The blood passes through a tank filled with dialysis fluid with the same osmotic pressure of blood – without the nitrogenous wastes As the blood passes through the tubes waste products pass out of the blood into the dialysing fluid via diffusion Dialysis (Artificial Kidney) The purified blood is pumped back into the patient The human kidney filters about 180 L of blood a day and excretes about 1 – 1.5 liters. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the body