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Introduction to Animals Section 1 – Characteristics of All Animals Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Common ancestor Domain Eukarya Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods Animals VertebratesAnimals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Animal Groups Characteristics of ALL Animals: 1. Are ____________________ EUKARYOTES cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles HETEROTROPHIC 2. Are ____________________ get food from consuming other organisms MULTICELLULAR 3. Are ____________________ made of many cells 4. Show __________________ SPECIALIZATION different kinds of cells do different jobs Characteristics of ALL Animals: 5. _____________ (at some point in life cycle) MOVE for food, find mates, escape danger DNA 6. Contain _____________ which carries the genetic code REPRODUCE 7. ____________________ Make offspring Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual) 10 Body Systems : 1. _____________________ INTEGUMENTARY OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers) Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss 10 Body Systems : DIGESTIVE 2. ________________ Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening Two openings: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS) Two openings: Most efficient If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization (Different parts can start to do different jobs) 10 Body Systems : 3. __________________ CIRCULATORY Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells Circulatory fluid can be: CLOSED inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______ OPEN 10 Body Systems : 4. ___________________ RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment •take in oxygen •get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia) 10 Body Systems : EXCRETORY 5. ___________________ • Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells • Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance OSMOREGULATION (_________________________) NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute _________________ UREA _________________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia) URIC ACID _________________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute 10 Body Systems : SKELETAL 6. ___________________ Framework to support body/protection ENDOSKELETON Skeleton on inside = _______________ EXOSKELETON Skeleton on outside = _______________ 10 Body Systems : MUSCULAR 7. _______________ Locomotion- move body itself OR move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels) 10 Body Systems : REPRODUCTIVE 8. _____________________ Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________ SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_____________________________ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 10 Body Systems : ______________ DEVELOPMENT INDIRECT immature LARVA looks different than adult __________ DIRECT DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions on adults Sperm and egg join External fertilization outside female’s body =___________________ Sperm and egg join inside female’s body = ____________________ Internal fertilization 9. ___________________ NERVOUS Receive sensory info about environment & send response signals ENDOCRINE 10. __________________ Make hormones that regulate other body systems (only in higher animals) ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME! DIGESTIVE WASTE NITROGEN WASTE WHERE ITS MADE? made by cells left over from undigested food from break down of proteins Body system used? Handled by Handled by digestive system excretory system In what form? Feces (poop) ammonia, urea, or uric acid Kinds of Symmetry No symmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry ___________________ ASYMMETRY No symmetry Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves. Radial Symmetry _______ Get 2 identical halves in several directions. Bilateral ___________ Symmetry If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images BUT only divides equally in ONE direction All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their embryos Endoderm Digestive system, respiratory Muscle, excretory, bones, Mesoderm circulatory Outer skin, brain, Ectoderm nervous system Types of Coeloms (See-lums) No cavity (space) around organs ACOELOM = “without space” Types of Coeloms Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) PSEUDOCOELOM Kinds of Coeloms EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM EUCOELOMATES ALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES ALL ANIMALS you will dissect this year are EUCOELOMATES! 3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM ectoderm mesoderm endoderm EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM Advantages of having a COELOM (body space): Provides space for internal organs In animals without a skeletonFluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton In animals without blood vesselsFluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells Which way is up? DORSAL (top) ANTERIOR head end POSTERIOR tail end VENTRAL (underneath) CEPHALIZATION ________________ Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)