Download Hepatitis A, B, C Direct Inoculation

Hepatitis A, B, C
Direct Inoculation
Kristen Anderson, Natalie Beal, Lisa Cabrera
Azusa Pacific University
GNRS 587
What is Hepatitis?
● Inflammation of the liver
● Refers to viral infections of the liver
● Most common types:
o Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C
● Viral Hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer
and liver transplant
● Symptoms: loss of appetite, N/V, dark urine, fatigue,
fever, grey-colored stool, abdominal pain, joint pain,
& jaundice
Similarities and Differences
Viral Infection
Acute vs. Chronic
Transmission
Vaccination
Hepatitis A
(HAV)
Acute condition—usually last
weeks to several months and
resolves itself
Oral-Fecal
Vaccination available:
Series began in early
childhood & rec. before
travel to specific countries
Hepatitis B
(HBV)
Can be both Acute (lasting a
few weeks) or Chronic (leading
to cirrhosis or liver cancer)
Bodily Fluids—sharing of
needles and sexual
intercourse
Vaccination available:
recommended to begin
vaccination series in early
infancy
Hepatitis C
(HCV)
Chronic condition—can lead to
cirrhosis and liver cancer
Bodily Fluids—sharing of
needles and sexual
intercourse
No Vaccination
Incubation Period
● Hepatitis A
o
15 to 50 days (average is 28 days)
● Hepatitis B
o
45 to 160 days (average is 120 days)
 Virus can survive outside of body for 7 days
● Hepatitis C
o
14 to 180 days (average is 45 days)
Issues with Carrier State?
● Continued presence of the Hepatitis virus without
symptoms, but with the ability to transmit
● Asymptomatic carriers unaware they can pass on virus
o Often do not seek treatment → continued spread of virus
● Hepatitis virus carriers are source of new infection
● May be more chronic carriers of Hep. C due to lack of
vaccination
● Increased incidence rate in developing countries
● Lack of access to vaccinations and treatment
Public Health Nursing Roles (PHN)
● Reportable diseases & Confidential Morbidity Report
(CMR) form
o Hep A (Acute) within 1 working day
o Hep B & C (Specify Acute/Chronic) within 7 days
● Population-based surveillance
● Assessment
● Client education on prevention
● Assurance
● Policy Development
● Health Promotion & preservation
PHN Roles
Conduct notifiable disease surveillance and
investigations, including implementation of disease
control measures.
1.
● Monitor cases of hepatitis A.
● Perform case investigations for chronic hepatitis B and C using
assigned protocols.
● Perform thorough, accurate and organized documentation of
outbreaks.
● Prepare written recommendations describing disease prevention and
control measures for the public in collaboration Medical Epidemiologist.
PHN Roles
2. Assist in developing disease investigation protocols
and in assuring that questionnaires and educational
material are current, complete, accurate, and reflect best
practices.
● Assist in monitoring the quality of processes involved in notifiable
disease reporting protocols and procedures.
● Assist in creating and updating educational materials.
● Prepare written recommendations for prevention and control measures
PHN Roles
3. Participate in standardized evaluations of outbreak
and disease response measures to identify areas for
improvement and collaborate with other departmental
partners. ( DOH)
Client Education and Prevention
Hepatitis A:
Educate about strict hand- washing and improve all over personal hygiene
Hepatitis A vaccine
Client Education and Prevention
Hepatitis B:
Vaccinations important for:
Babies
People with multiple partners
IV drug users
HIV diagnosed people
Travelers to 3rd world countries
Hepatitis B Prevention
Client Education and Prevention
Hepatitis C
● Do not share personal items that may have come into contact with
another person’s blood of body fluids- toothbrush, razor, nail clippers,
and needles.
● Do not get tattoos or body piercing.
● Cover open sores or other skin breaks.
● Practice safe sex.
● Routine screening.
•*** No vaccination currently available ***
Population-based Surveillance
● Principal means of assessing population’s health status
● Ongoing assessment, collection, analysis &
interpretation of data
● Collaborative effort
● Monitor disease
● Estimate the magnitude and detect epidemics
● Protocols or programs effective?
● Main goal: reduce mortality & morbidity, improve health
Prevention & Control
1. Primary → Vaccination, education on hygiene, safe
sex, sanitary conditions, safe food-handling, avoid IV
drug use
2. Secondary → post-exposure immunoglobulins, partner
notification, screenings for high-risk individuals
3. Tertiary → chronic liver disease and cancer
GOAL: reduce prevalence, eventually eliminate &
eradicate communicable disease
References
● Center for Disease Control & Prevention. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
http://www.cdc.gov
● Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2014). Foundations of nursing in the
community: Community-oriented practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO:
Elsevier.
● World Health Organization. Retrieved Februrar 28, 2015
http://www.who.int/en/
● Pasadena Public Health Department. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
http://cityofpasadena.net/publichealth/
Questions?