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Fig. 6.17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. First cervical vertebra (atlas) Second cervical vertebra (axis) Cervical region (curved anteriorly) Seventh cervical vertebra First thoracic vertebra Thoracic region (curved posteriorly) Body Intervertebral disk Twelfth thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Lumbar region (curved anteriorly) Intervertebral foramina Transverse process Spinous process Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacral promontory Sacrum Sacral and coccygeal regions (curved posteriorly) Coccyx Lateral view Fig. 6.18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior Articular facet Spinous process Superior articular process Lamina Transverse process Vertebral arch Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body Anterior Superior view Fig. 6.19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior arch Transverse process Vertebral foramen Superior articular facet (articulates with occipital condyle) Facet for dens Transverse foramen (a) Anterior arch Spinous process Lamina Superior articular facet Facets for rib attachment Pedicle Atlas (first cervical vertebra), superior view Dens Vertebral foramen Transverse process Body (d) Thoracic vertebra, superior view Spinous process Lamina Body Dens (articulates with atlas) (b) Axis (second cervical vertebra), superior view Transverse process Superior articular facet Pedicle Vertebral foramen Lateral view Body Spinous process Lamina Pedicle Transverse foramen Transverse process (c) Vertebral foramen Body Cervical vertebra, superior view Superior articular facet (e) Lumbar vertebra, superior view Fig. 6.20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Articular facet (articulates with fifth lumbar vertebra) Vertebral canal (sacral canal) Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx Anterior view Coccyx Posterior view Fig. 6.21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Seventh cervical vertebra Clavicle First thoracic vertebra Jugular notch 1 2 Sternal angle 3 True ribs (1–7) 4 Costal cartilage Manubrium 5 Body 6 Xiphoid process 7 8 False ribs (8–12) 9 Floating ribs 11 12 T12 L1 10 Anterior view Sternum Fig. 6.24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinous process of seventh cervical vertebra Distal end of clavicle Jugular notch Acromion process Superior border of scapula Spine of scapula Clavicle Sternum Scapula Medial border of scapula Inferior angle of scapula Lumbar spinous processes (a) (b) (a): © McGraw-Hill Companies/Andy Resek, Photographer; (b): © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer Fig. 7.18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Deep neck muscles Longissimus Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Deep back muscles Longissimus Iliocostalis Posterior view Erector spinae muscles Fig. 7.20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Rectus abdominis (covered by sheath) Rectus abdominis (sheath removed) Rectus abdominis Linea alba External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Transversus abdominis Tendinous intersection Umbilicus External abdominal oblique (a) Linea alba Anterior view (b) Cross section Skin Fat External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Transversus abdominis Parietal peritoneum Fig. 8.15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C1 Level of foramen magnum Rootlets of spinal nerves Spinal nerves T1 Spinal cord L1 Level of the second lumbar vertebra Coccygeal nerve Cauda equina S1 Fig. 8.20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cervical nerves C1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 T1 2 3 Cervical plexus (C1–4) Brachial plexus (C5–T1) 4 5 Thoracic nerves 6 7 8 Dura mater 9 10 11 12 Cauda equina L1 Lumbar nerves Lumbar plexus (L1–4) 2 3 4 5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Sacral nerves Coccygeal nerves Co Posterior view Sacral plexus (L4–S4) Coccygeal plexus (S5–Co) Lumbosacral plexus (L1–S4)