Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Triacylglycerol Synthesis • Fatty acyl-CoA • DHAP reduction to glycerol-PO4 or • Glycerol kinase to glycerol-PO4 O • Two esterifications R-C-O • Diacylglycerol-PO4 intermediate • Triacylglycerol O O-C-R O O-C-R Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis glycolysis CH2OH C=O CH2OP DHAP NADH + NAD+ CH2OH ADP ATP CH2OH HO-C-H HO-C-H glycerol kinase CH OP CH2OH 2 glycerol-PO4 dehydrogenase Glycerol-PO4 O Not in adipose tissue O CH2O-C-R 2 R-C~CoA Phosphatidic acid O R-C-O-C-H CH2OP H2O PO4 O R-C~CoA O CH2O-C-R O Phospholipid R-C-O-C-H biosynthesis 1,2 Diacylglycerol CH2OH (DAG) O O CH2O-C-R R-C-O-C-H O CH2O-C-R Question • Can a triacylglycerol (triglyceride) storage fat be synthesized entirely from glucose, i.e., every carbon in the fat comes from a sugar? • Answer: YES Phospholipid Biosynthesis (smooth ER) O O CH2O-C-R R-C-O-C-H O CH2OPO O Ester linkage - or + Phosphatidic Acid - or + Polar component = choline, serine, ethanolamine, etc Glycerophospholipids O O CH2O-C-R R-C-O-C-H O + CH2OPO-CH2CH2-N(CH3)3 O Phosphatidylcholine or lecithin Strategy of Glycerophospholipid Biosynthesis • Activate diacylglycerol • Activate appending moiety (salvage) NH2 N O N PPP- Ribose CTP Bacteria (Prokaryotes) Activate Phosphatidic acid Phosphatidic acid + CTP CDP-diacylglycerol + PPi O O CH2O-C-R R-C-O-C-H CH2OP~P-ribose-Cytosine (CDP-diacylglycerol) Bacteria (Prokaryotes) CDP-diacylglycerol Serine CMP Phosphatidylserine CO2 Phosphatidylethanolamine Glycerol-PO4 CMP Phosphatidylglycerol-3-PO4 glycerol Phosphatidylglycerol Cardiolipin Wassermann antigen for diagnosing Most prominent membrane lipid in bacteria syphilis Eukaryotes DHAP 1 Glycerol-3-PO4 2 ATP Glycerol FA-CoA 1-Acyl-DHAP NADPH 1-Acyl-glycerol-3-PO4 O O CH2O-C-R Phosphatidic acid 3 R-C-O-C-H DAG CH2OP ATP CTP O O CH2O-C-R R-C-O-C-H CH2OH 1,2 DAG Pi CDP-diacylglycerol ethanolamine (CDP-ethanolamine) choline (CDP-choline) Serine (phosphatidylethanolamine) Glycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol) Inositol (CDP-diacylglycerol) Cardiolipin (phosphatidylglycerol) NH2 N O O O N + (CH3) N CH2CH2 O P O P O CH2 3 O O O Cytidine diphosphate (CDP) choline HO OH NH2 N O + O H N CH2CH2 O P O P 3 O O Cytidine diphosphate (CDP)ethanolamine O N O CH2 O HO OH Ethanolamine or choline HO-CH2-CH2-NH3+ ATP ADP O SALVAGE Ethanolamine kinase or choline kinase HO-P-O-CH2-CH2-NH3+ O- CTP Phosphoethanolamine PPi O O Cytidine--P- O-P- O-CH2-CH2-NH3+ O- O- DAG CDP-ethanolamine CMP Phosphatidylethanolamine Serine Phosphatidylserine Ethanolamine