Download Families (Groups)

Families (Groups)
Families
1
2
18
13 14 15 16 17
1) Columns of elements are called families or groups.
a) There are 18 families in the PT of E
3 4in 5each
6 7family
8 9 10
11 12
b) Elements
have
similar but not
identical properties.
c) Example: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and
other members of family I are all soft, white, shiny metals.
2) All elements in a family have the same number of
valence electrons.
Hydrogen
1) Sits atop Family 1, but it is not a member of that family.
a) Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
b) Gas at room temperature.
c) One proton AND one electron in its one energy level
Alkali Metals
1) First column of the P.T.
a) 1 valence electron
b) Shiny, clay-like consistency; easily cut with a knife
c) The most reactive metals!
1. Bond easily with other elements to make compounds
2. Have an incomplete valence electron shell
3. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons
2) Always bonded with another element
Valence Electrons
1) The electrons in the outer energy level of an atom
2) The electrons that are transferred or shared when atoms
bond together
Alkaline Earth Metals
1) Never found uncombined in nature.
2) Have 2 valence electrons.
3) Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and
calcium, among others.
Transition Metals
1) Include elements in #3-12 families
a) Ex: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.
b) Good conductors of heat and electricity.
c) Compounds of transition metals are usually brightly
colored and are often used to color paints.
2) Have 1 or 2 valence electrons, which they lose when they
form bonds with other atoms.
Boron Family
1) Named after the first element in the family
a) have 3 valence electrons.
b) includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals
c) includes the most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust- Aluminum
Carbon Family
1) Have 4 valence electrons
2) Includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals.
3) The element carbon is called the “basis of life.”
a) There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds called organic chemistry.
Nitrogen Family
1) Named after the element that makes up 78% of
earth’s atmosphere
a) Includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals
b) Have 5 valence electrons.
1) Tend to share electrons when they bond.
c) Other elements in this family are phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth.
Oxygen Family
1) Have 6 valence electrons
a) Most elements in this family share electrons when
forming compounds.
2) Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust.
a) Extremely active
b) combines with almost all elements
Halogen Family
1) Elements are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
a) Have 7 valence electrons, which explains why they are the
most active non-metals.
b) Never found free in nature.
c) Only need to gain 1 electron to fill outermost energy level
d) React with alkali metals to form salts
Noble Gases
1) Noble Gases- colorless gases; extremely un-reactive.
2) One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity.
a) inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
b) do NOT readily combine with other elements to form
compounds
c) called inert gases
4) The family of noble gases includes:
helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
5) All are found in small amounts in the
earth's atmosphere
Rare Earth Elements
1) Thirty rare earth elements
2) Composed of the lanthanide series and
actinide series.
3) One lanthanide element and most of the elements in
the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which
means synthetic or man-made.