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Monday, April 19 The Age of Exploration Do Now: Complete ‘space’ worksheet. HW: 4 Approved sources by Friday •Begin to write ‘Plan of Investigation’ Objective: Identify and analyze reasons that led to European exploration. 4/30/2017 Why did Europeans come to the Americas? God, Gold & Glory 4/30/2017 Technological Exchange • Through contact with Chinese and Arab merchants Europeans gained: – the magnetic compass – The astrolabe – The caravel (a lighter vessel with a lateen sail and steerable rudder) 4/30/2017 Task: With a partner answer the next six questions based on the pictures. 4/30/2017 Astrolabe Caravel European leaders of Exploration Portugal & Spain 4/30/2017 Spain and Portugal • Colonization of the Canary and Madeira Islands and the Azores 4/30/2017 Sugar • Sugar was grow off the islands of NW Africa • Slaves were brought from NW Africa to work the plantations 4/30/2017 Spain • Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile – The Reconquista (Reconquest) of former Spanish territory from the Muslims – Expulsion of Jews refusing to convert to Christianity • Economic repercussions, some of most well educated and skilled people • First voyage of Columbus • Ferdinand Magellan (1519) – Circumnavigation – Colonize the Philippines 4/30/2017 Columbus’ Four Voyages 4/30/2017 Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c 4/30/2017 Spain’s Empire • Control of the Caribbean • Columbus’s second voyage (1493) – est. Santo Domingo • 16th century Spaniards took control of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama and N. coast of S. America • Native populations used as forced labor 4/30/2017 European Empires in the Americas 4/30/2017 Conquest of the Americas • 15th century the mighty Mesoamerican empires fell to the Spaniards • Hernando Cortez: conquered Aztec Empire • Francisco Pizarro: conquered Inca Empire 4/30/2017 The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Hernando Cortés 4/30/2017 Montezuma II Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1.Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2.Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3.Get colonies. 4/30/2017 Conquest of the Aztecs • • • • • Conquered natives of the Aztecs helped The legend of Quetzalcoatl Superior Spanish weaponry Malinche interpreter Smallpox – Caused death of 1000s • Tenochtitlan burned • Mexico City created 4/30/2017 Mexico Surrenders to Cortés 4/30/2017 The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. 4/30/2017 Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa Jesuits, Dominicans and Franciscans • Spread of Roman Catholic faith to the natives • Established churches and missions where they educated and taught their faith 4/30/2017 Close • What were the reasons Europeans sought colonies in the Americas? • Why were the Europeans victorious in defeating the Natives? 4/30/2017 The Age of Exploration Do Now: Your job is to read about the Treaty of Tordesillas and then pretend you are a journalist from either a Spanish or Portuguese newspaper in 1494. It is your job to report to your readers about the Treaty. Focus on the paragraphs marked with an *, write a short report about the Treaty in the space below. Remember to focus on the 5 Ws: Who, what, when, where, why. HW: 4 Approved sources by Friday •Begin to write ‘Plan of Investigation’ AIM: How did the Treaty of Tordesillas represent Spain and Portugal’s power? 4/30/2017 Treaty of Tordesillas 4/30/2017 The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation 4/30/2017 Treaty of Tordesillas • Treaty between Spain and Portugal • The Pope decreed that all lands discovered west of a meridian 100 leagues (one league is 3 miles or 4.8 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain, new lands discovered east of that line would belong to Portugal. • Spain and signed a treaty moved the line 270 leagues west, to 370 leagues west 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 Encomienda System • • • • was an economic and social institution used as reward for the conquistador used to control the native population extract tribute, economic products, and labor 4/30/2017 Peninsulares Colonists born in Europe Criollos (creoles) Colonists born in the Americas Mestizos People of mixed European and Native Mulatos (mulattos) People of mixed European and African 4/30/2017 The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos 4/30/2017 Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves Encomienda System • Labor system that was employed by the Spanish in the Americas and the Philippines. • The purpose was to instruct the natives in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products. 4/30/2017 Father Bartholomew de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542 4/30/2017 Repartamiento • Father Bartolome de las Casas was against encomienda • 1542 Encomienda was replaced by repartamiento which allowed a small salary to be paid to laborers • By 1549 forced labor was abolished but the tribute payment continued 4/30/2017 The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral 4/30/2017 Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe Prince Henry the Navigator • Responsible for beginnings of worldwide European explorations. • Founded school of navigation in Portugal and sailed looking for the “Northwest Passage” 4/30/2017 Portugal’s Empire • 1500 Pedro Cabral founded Brazil • 1532 Settled based on a plantation economy • Sugar plantations using native labor, when they died of European diseases, slaves from Africa were used • Gold mines used forced labor • Social structure similar to Spanish colonies • Jesuit missionaries introduced Roman Catholicism 4/30/2017 CLOSE Docs. 1- 4 4/30/2017 Do Now: Read the quote by Afonso de Albuquerque and answer the question “The king of Portugal has often commanded me to go to the Straits, because…this was the best place to intercept the trade which the Moslems…carry on in these parts. So it was to do Our Lord’s service that we were brought here; by taking Malacca, we would close the Straits so that never again would the Moslems be able to bring their spices by this route…I am very sure that , if this Malacca trade is taken out of their hands, Cairo and Mecca would be completely lost.” Why did Portugal want to control Malacca? 4/30/2017 HW: 4 Approved sources by Friday •Begin to write ‘Plan of Investigation’ AIM: How did Europeans justify the African slave trade? Do Now: Motives for European Exploration. 4/30/2017 Modern Slavery • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, states in Article Four, "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms." Yet, recent estimates suggest that worldwide there are 27 million people held in slavery and, in 2003, the U.S. Department of State reported 116 countries in which more than 100 persons were known to have been trafficked as slaves. 4/30/2017 Modern Slavery • Is modern slavery shaped more by political and economic considerations or religion? • Human trafficking • The untouchables • http://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_bales_how_t o_combat_modern_slavery.html 4/30/2017 Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! 4/30/2017 Treasures from the Americas! 4/30/2017 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 4/30/2017 Slave Ship 4/30/2017 “Coffin” Position Below Deck 4/30/2017 Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill 4/30/2017 The Slave Trade – The Middle Passage • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoJejTp7O4 4/30/2017 Close Write a response on a separate sheet of paper and be prepared to defend: Do you believe the European explorers and conquistadores have had a positive or negative influence on history? 4/30/2017 Expedition • Francisco de Coronado reached Kansas search for mythical cities of gold • Conquest of Chile and est. of Buenos Aires in present day Argentina • The influx of silver and gold caused inflation in Spain and throughout Europe Galleon 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 Friday, April 23 The Age of Exploration HW: 4 Approved sources by Friday •Begin to write ‘Plan of Investigation’ Objective: Identify and analyze reasons that led to European exploration. 4/30/2017