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Software Engineering Module: Core of Java Topic: Packages TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 Packages The content in this presentation is aimed at teaching learners to: • Create a Package • Work with predefined and user defined packages TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 2 Packages What is a Package? A package is a grouping of related types (classes, interfaces, Exceptions and Annotations) providing access protection and Name Space Management. Built-In packages are library packages. Example: java.lang, java.awt etc. Built-In Package User-defined packages are user developed packages. User-Defines TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 3 Packages Why Packages? Using packages programmers can easily determine that these types are related. As packages follow naming conventions, a programmer knows that all graphical related methods will be present in a package named graphics. The names of your types won't conflict with the type names in other packages because the package creates a new namespace. You can allow types within the package to have unrestricted access to one another yet still restrict access for types outside the package. TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 4 Packages Creating a Packages? Syntax to create a package: package packagename; Here package is the keyword used to create a package followed by packagename. Syntax to create a sub-package: package package1.package2; Here package1 is a package, which contains a subpackage named package2. Note The package statement must be the first line in the source file. TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 5 Packages Program to demonstrate packages: package world; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World"); } } How to compile the above program: javac -d . HelloWorld.java “-d” stands for “directory“ which explains the compiler the location where the class files should be created. .(dot) stands for the current directory. TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 6 Packages What happens when we use package statement? When we use a package statement, the underlying operating system will create a directory with the same name of the package. As a programmer we should make sure that the .class files should be compiled to the same package directory. Make sure that you set the CLASSPATH to the directory where the .class files are located. After setting the classpath, we can run our programs as follows: >java packagename.classname TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 7 Packages Using Packages ? Import statement is used to get access to the classes present in packages. Importing a Single Package Member: Syntax: import packagename.Classname; While importing the packages we need to mention the fully qualified package name as above. Example: import java.lang.Integer; TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 8 Packages Importing an Entire Package: It can become a pain to type the fully qualified everytime if we are using number of classes within code may endup with a large number of import avoid this we can import multiple classes with a statement as follows: package name a package. The statements. To single package Syntax: import packagename.*; Asterisk(*) represents all the classes present in that package. While importing the packages we need to mention the fully qualified package name as above. Example: import java.lang.*; TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 9 Packages TALENTSPRINT | © Copyright 2012 10