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Ecosystem goods and services provided by salt marshes Angus Garbutt NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK. Wadden Sea Trilateral Conference, Wilhelmshaven, 29th August 2013 Contact: ag(at)ceh.ac.uk Introduction •UK National Ecosystem Assessment •Conceptual framework •Relative importance of ecosystems for delivery of goods and services •Coastal Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Sustainability project The UK National Ecosystem Assessment A review following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment to enable the identification & development of effective policy responses to ecosystem service degradation Covers terrestrial, freshwater, marine ecosystems across the UK. • Primary aims are to: 1. Provide a high level picture of the current state and trends since WWII in ecosystems (habitats) and ecosystem services 2. Look to the future (2050) to evaluate change under plausible scenarios and consider a range of possible policy responses • More than 400 researchers integrating environmental, economic and social science knowledge. Guided by ‘Expert’ panel. • Co-construction of scenarios with stakeholders to enhance policy relevance. Overall Conceptual Framework Drivers of Change (Direct & Indirect) Social feedbacks • Environmental (incl. climate change) • Management practices (incl. harvest) • Socio-political (e.g. policies, governance) • Economic (e.g. markets) • Science/technology • Behaviour/Cultural (e.g. preferences) • Demographic. Human Well-being - Economic value - Health value -Shared (social) value Good(s) Ecosystem Services Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural, Supporting Ecosystems Air, land, water & all living things UK National Ecosystem Assessment Services from ecosystems ECOSYSTEMS ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Places (e.g: Broad Habitats) where biological, chemical physical interactions The benefits and people get from ecosystems occur. Provisioning Cultural In terrestrialRegulating habitats these include services services services above and below ground processes Crops, Livestock, Game, Fisheries, Water supply, Wild species diversity (genetic resources) Climate, Hazards, Detoxification & Purification, Disease/pest control Pollination Aesthetic, Spiritual, Inspirational, Educational, Recreation, Tourism Wild species diversity Supporting services Necessary for the delivery of other ecosystem services Soil formation, Nutrient cycling, Water cycling, Primary production Air, land, water, and all living organisms Ecosystem services – what nature does for us http://www.metrovancouver.org/planning/development/biodiversity/PublishingImages/ Ecosystem.jpg Ecosystem services – what nature does for us Wind and water utilised for renewable energy Woodland provides setting for tourism, biofuels, carbon store and education Upland grazing and moorland drainage scheme slows and reduces run-off and locks up carbon Riverside walk Woodland improves air quality and reduces particulates from motorway Country park on reclaimed industrial site provides: Commercial development set within GI Sustainable drainage system Biomass operation supplies fuel to power station Trees and green spaces in town improve quality of life •Healthy leisure and exercise •Urban wildlife •Employment Commercial development set within Green Infrastructure Sustainable drainage system Adapted from Natural Economy Northwest UK Ecosystems (Broad Habitats) Mountains/Moors/Heaths Freshwater/Wetlands Semi-natural grasslands Urban (settlement) Woodlands Enclosed farmland Coastal margins Marine Distribution of Broad habitats in the UK UK National Ecosystem Assessment Relative importance of Broad Habitats for Ecosystem Services and overall direction of change since 1990 Service Group Final Ecosystem Service Mountains, Moors, Heaths Livestock / Aquaculture ↓ Enclosed Farmland ↔ ↑ ↗ ↔ Woodland ↔ Fish Freshwater & Wetlands Urban Coastal margins ↓ ↗ ↘ ↘ ↔ ↘ ↗ ↘ ↔ ↘ ↘ Marine Key Trees, standing vegetation, peat ↘ ↔ ↗ ↗ ↘ ↔ ↘ Water supply ↔ ↘ ↘ ↔ ↘ ↔ ~ Wild species diversity ↔ ↓ ↓ ↗ ↘ ↔ ↘ ↘ Local places ↔ ↔ ~ ↑ ↗ ↔ ↔ ~ Landscapes/ Seascapes ↔ ↔ ↔ ↗ ↔ ↔ ↗ ~ Climate ↔ ↔ ↗ ↗ ↔ ↘ ↗ ↘ Hazard ↘ ↔ ↘ ↗ ↘ ↘ ↔ ↓ Diseases & pests ↔ ↔ +/- ↘ ↘ ~ +/- ↘ Pollination ↘ ↘ ↘ ↔ ↔ ↔ Water quality ↔ ↗ +/- ↔ +/- +/- ~ Soil quality ↔ ↘ ↘ ↔ ↘ ↓ ↘ Air quality ↔ ↔ ↗ ↗ ↔ ↔ ↔ ~ ↔ ↔ ~ ↗ ↔ ↓ ↔ ↔ Detoxification & purification Regulating Cultural Provisioning Crops Seminatural grassland Noise Importance for Ecosystem Service High High - Medium Medium - Low Low Not applicable Direction of Change ↑ ↗ ↔ +/ ↘ ↓ ~ Improving Some improvement No net change Gains & Losses in contrasting sub-sets Some deterioration Deteriorating Unknown ↔ UK National Ecosystem Assessment Biodiversity – critical to delivery of ecosystem services Provisioning Cultural Regulating Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish Marine Freshwater Marine Invertebrat es Terrestrial Terrestrial Higher Plants Seagrasses Bryophytes Lower Plants Phytoplankt on Macroalgae Fungi Lichens Non-lichens Marine Final ecosystem services Terrestrial Service Group Microorganisms Biodiversity Groups Crops, plants, livestock, fish Trees, standing vegetation & peat Water supply Wild species diversity Meaningful places Social valued land and waterscapes Climate regulation Hazard regulation Waste breakdown & detoxification Purification Importance High Medium Low Disease & pest regulation UK National Ecosystem Assessment Goods and benefits provided by the final ecosystem service for UK salt marshes Final ecosystem service Goods/Benefits Importance (R) Waste breakdown & detoxification Immobilisation of pollutants High (P,R) Wild species diversity including microbes (P) High diversity, or rare/unique plants, animals and birds, insects (P) Ecosystem-specific protected areas (R) Nursery grounds for fish (R) Breeding, over-wintering, feeding grounds for birds Water filtration: groundwater1, surface flow2, seawater3 Sites of religious/cultural significance; World Heritage Sites; folklore; TV & Radio programmes & Films Paintings, sculpture, books Beach cleaning/litter picking High (R) Purification (C) Spiritual/religious + Cultural heritage & media (C) Aesthetic/inspirational (C) Enfranchisement + Neighbourhood development (C) Recreation/tourism (C) Physical/mental health + Security and freedom (C) Education/ ecological knowledge Many opportunities for recreation: incl. sunbathing, walking, camping, boating, fishing, bird watching etc. Opportunities for exercise, local meaningful space, wilderness, personal space Resource for teaching, public information, scientific study High High High Some2 Some High High Some High Chapter 11: Coastal Margins. UK National Ecosystem Assessment Better data needed to value coastal ecosystems Recreation and tourism associated with the coast worth £19.2 billion to the UK economy in 2000 (Pugh & Skinner 2002) Globally, the average rate of carbon sequestration of carbon dioxide m/y-1 in salt marshes an order of magnitude greater than carbon sequestration by peat lands (Chmura et al. 2003) Carbon Stock for UK Coastal Margins 8 7 6 5 Mt C Coastal defence value of salt marshes Machair 4 Saltmarsh 3 Sand dunes 2 1 0 Scotland England Wales N. Ireland UK NERC Biodiversity & Ecosystem Service Sustainability research programme (BESS) BESS (Biodiversity & Ecosystem Service Sustainability) CBESS A hierarchical approach to the examination of the relationship between biodiversity & ecosystem service flows across coastal margins Fragments, functions & flows The scaling of biodiversity & ecosystem services in urban ecosystems Wessex BESS Biodiversity and the provision of multiple ecosystem services in current & future lowland multifunctional landscapes DURESS Diversity in upland rivers for ecosystem service sustainability Coastal BESS Key research questions • What role does biodiversity play in ecosystem processes and ecosystem service provision of UK salt marsh & mudflat habitats? • How does this role change with location, season and spatial scale? • How can vegetation community structure be linked to Ecosystem Service Provisioning to provide predictive tools for policy makers? THEME 1: DATA COLLECTION East Coast verses West Coast marshes Broadleaved / mixed woodland Coniferous woodland Broadleaved / mixed woodland Arable & horticulture Coniferous woodland Improved grassland Arable & horticulture Rough grasslandImproved grassland Neutral grassland Rough grassland Calcareous grassland Neutral grassland Acid grassland Calcareous grassland Heather Acid grassland Heather grassland Heather Fen, marsh & swamp Heather grassland Bogs Fen, marsh & swamp Freshwater Bogs Montane Freshwater Inland rock Montane Suburban Inland rock Urban Suburban Supra-littoral rock & sediment Urban Littoral rock & sediment Supra-littoral rock & sediment Saltmarsh Littoral rock & sediment Saltwater Saltmarsh Saltwater Morecambe Bay Morecambe Bay Essex Abbotts Hall, Essex marshes Data collection Greenhouse gas measurements CO2 fluxes Fish diversity Physio-chemical conditions of the sediment Data collection........... Sediment-living animals Insect diversity Net primary production Root stabilisation Data collection........... Soil-living invertebrates Marsh stability Wave attenuation Plant diversity & height Socio-economics Determine the monetary & non-monetary value of cultural services provided by birds. RSPB reserve Visitors in 2009 Estimated spend (£) Bempton cliffs, England 67,500 750,000 South Stack, Wales 44,000 223,000 Mull of Galloway, Scotland 19,000 126,000 Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland 14,5000 115,000 Totals 145,000 1,214,000 RSPB Non-monetary value of ecosystem services. Stake holder workshops in Morecambe & Essex • The focus is on cultural services provided by biodiversity ecosystem services: – Recreation – Tourism • To be held in Sept 2013 with co-operation with: – Essex Estuaries Forum – Colne Estuary Partnership – Morecambe Bay Partnership THEME 2: HOW SCALE EFFECTS BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICE RELATIONSHIPS The relationship between biodiversity and ES and variation across spatial scales THEME 3: DETERMINE IF CONTEXT IMPACTS THE BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICE RELATIONSHIP The relationship between biodiversity, ES and context THEME 4: UP-SCALING BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM THE TWO REGIONAL SITES Examining the strength of the relationships between biodiversity and higher spatial scales Richness-area Rank-abundance 20 Number of species Likelihood of occurence 1 0.1 15 10 5 0.01 0 10 Species rank 0 20 0 Function vs. richness for different areas 1m² 0.5 35m² 3 70m² 2 1 100 Function / richness for different areas Ecosytem service / species number Function per m² 4 50 Area sampled (m2) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 10 20 30 Species richness (cumulative number species) 0 1 10 Area averaged (m2) 100 THEME 5: CREATE NOVEL TOOLS FOR PREDICTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICE PROVISIONING (ESP) Ecosystem Service Prediction tool Site Information & modelled data National data sets Policy relevant scenarios e.g. Water Framework Directive/agrienvironment schemes ESP map • Management options • Climate change • Policy directives CBESS Summary Theme 1: data collection Theme 2: how scale effects biodiversity & ecosystem service relationships Theme 4: up-scaling biodiversity & ecosystem services from the two regional sites Theme 3: determine if context impacts the biodiversity & ecosystem service relationship Theme 5: create novel tools for predicting Ecosystem Service Provisioning (ESP) Thank you Acknowledgements: UK National Ecosystem Assessment CBESS partnership