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Chapter 6
The Skeletal
System
Axial Division
Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• Basic Features
• Skeleton is divided into two sections
• Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
• There are 206 separate bones
• Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones
• Composed of bones along the central axis of the
body
• Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• Basic Features
• Axial skeleton
• Consists of:
• skull bones/auditory ossicles/hyoid/vertebral
column/thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton
• Consists of:
• limbs/pectoral girdle/pelvic girdle
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Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton
Skull
Skull
Cervical
vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
Lumbar
vertebrae
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacrum
Coccyx
Coccyx
b Anterior (above) and posterior (below) views
of the bones of the axial skeleton.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
AXIAL SKELETON
80
APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126
(See Figure 7.1)
Cranium
8
Face
14
Skull
Skull and
associated 29
bones
Associated
bones
Auditory
ossicles 6
Hyoid
1
Sternum 1
Thoracic
25
cage
Ribs
24
Vertebrae 24
Vertebral
26
column
Sacrum
1
Coccyx
1
a Anterior view of the skeleton
highlighting components of the
axial skeleton; the flowchart
indicates relationships among
the axial components.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• Function of the Axial Skeleton
• Framework that supports and protects organs in
the dorsal and ventral body cavities
• Protects special sense organs for taste, smell,
hearing, balance, and vision
• Attachment sites for muscles that:
• Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk
• Move the thoracic cage for respiration
• Stabilize the appendicular skeleton
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Skull and Associated Bones
• Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull
• The skull consists of
• Face
• Cranium
• Associated bones
• The face: 14 individual bones
• The cranium: 8 individual bones
• The associated bones: 7 individual bones
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull
SKULL
FACE
14
2
Maxillae
Palatine bones
Nasal bones
Inferior nasal conchae
2
2
2
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal bones
Vomer
Mandible
2
2
1
1
CRANIUM
8
1
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bones
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
2
1
2
1
1
ASSOCIATED BONES
Hyoid bone 1
7
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
temporal bones
(detailed in
Chapter 18)
Hyoid bone
Nasal bone
Frontal
bone
Lacrimal bone
Parietal bone
Vomer
Temporal
bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Auditory ossicles
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Mandible
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Occipital
bone
6
The Skull and Associated Bones
• Posterior View of the Occipital Bone
• Lambdoid suture
• Suture between the occipital bone and the two
parietal bones (superior skull)
• Sagittal suture
• Suture between the two parietal bones
• External occipital protuberance
• Bulge about midway of the occipital bone
• Occipital bone
• Most posterior bone of the skull
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Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Sagittal suture
Left parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Lambdoid suture
Occipital
bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Occipital condyle
External occipital protuberance
Mandible
a Posterior view of the bones
of the adult skull
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Occipital bone
The Skull and Associated Bones
• Superior View of the Skull
• Parietal bones
• Left and right parietal bones
• Sagittal suture
• Between the two parietal bones
• Coronal suture
• Between the frontal bone and the two parietal
bones
• Frontal bone
• The most anterior bone of the skullcap
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Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull
Occipital bone
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Right
parietal
bone
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Left
parietal
bone
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Frontal
bone
Nasal
bones
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Zygomatic bone
b Superior view of the
bones of the adult skull
Frontal
bone
The Skull and Associated Bones
• Lateral View of the Skull
•
•
•
•
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
•
•
•
•
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Zygomatic process
Styloid process
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Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull
Major Sutures of
the Skull
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line
Squamous suture
Supra-orbital foramen
Frontonasal suture
Lambdoid suture
External acoustic
meatus
Sphenoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimal groove of
lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Infra-orbital foramen
Temporal
bone
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Zygomatic
arch
Mandible
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mental foramen
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Mental protuberance
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Supra-orbital foramen
Superior temporal line
Ethmoid
Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone
Squamous suture
Squamous part of
temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
Infra-orbital foramen
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Maxilla
External occipital
protuberance
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic
meatus
Zygomatic process of
temporal bone
Mastoid process
Mantal foramen
Styloid process
c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull
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Lacrimal groove
of lacrimal bone
Mental protuberance
The Skull and Associated Bones
• Anterior View of the Skull
• Frontal bone
• Supra-orbital foramen
• Nasal bone
• Maxilla bone
• Infra-orbital foramen
• Mandible bone
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Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull
Parietal bone
Coronal suture
Supra-orbital foramen
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Ethmoid
Palatine bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Frontal bone
Frontonasal suture
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Supra-orbital foramen
Temporal bone
Sphenoid
Nasal bone
Frontonasal suture
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha
Infra-orbital foramen
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Inferior nasal concha
Perpendicular
plate of ethmoid
Vomer
Bony nasal septum
Mental protuberance
d
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Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull
The Skull and Associated Bones
• Anterior View of the Skull (continued)
• Nasal cavity
• Vomer
• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• Nasal concha
• Eye socket
•
•
•
•
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Ethmoid and lacrimal bones
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Inferior View of the Skull
• Occipital bone
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Basioccipital
• Between the foramen magnum and the vomer
• Condyloid fossa
• Condyloid foramen (within the condyloid fossa)
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Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull
Greater palatine foramen
Frontal bone
Lesser palatine foramen
Zygomatic bone
Vomer
Sphenoid
Foramen ovale
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Temporal squama
Incisive fossa
Palatine process of maxilla
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Internal naris
Zygomatic arch
Plates of pterygoid process
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Temporal bone
External
acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Condylar fossa
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
External occipital
protuberance
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipitomastoid suture
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Superior nuchal line
Incisive fossa
Palatine process of maxilla
Greater palatine foramen
Maxilla
Lesser palatine foramen
Palatine bone
Zygomatic bone
Internal naris
Sphenoid
Mandibular fossa
Jugular foramen
Styloid process
Plates of pterygoid process
Zygomatic arch
Vomer
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Stylomastoid foramen
Temporal bone
Occipitomastoid suture
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Mastoid process
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Condylar fossa
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Superior nuchal line
Occipital bone
External occipital
protuberance
e Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Inferior View of the Roof of the Mouth
• Palatine process of the maxilla (anterior
palatine)
• Incisive fossa
• Incisive foramen (within the incisive fossa)
• Palatine bone (posterior palatine)
• Greater palatine foramen
• Lesser palatine foramen
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Inferior View of the Skull (continued)
• Internal nares
• Also called choana
• Vomer
• Inferior bone of the nasal septum
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Inferior View of the Skull (continued)
• Foramen
•
•
•
•
•
•
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Internal View of the Skull
• Frontal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Crista galli
• Cribriform plate
• Cribriform plate foramina (olfactory foramina)
• Sphenoid bone
• Temporal bone
• Occipital bone
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Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I
Crista galli
Frontal bone
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Temporal bone
Carotid canal
Mastoid foramen
Foramen
magnum
Internal
acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital bone
Frontal sinus
Frontal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Sphenoid
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Foramen spinosum
Parietal bone
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone
Foramen magnum
Mastoid foramen
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Horizontal section
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Internal View of the Skull (continued)
• Sphenoid bone
• Sella turcica
• Dorsum sellae
• Hypophyseal fossa
• Tuberculum sellae
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Internal View of the Skull (continued)
• Foramen
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Optic canals
Foramen rotundum
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Internal View of the Skull (continued)
• Internal acoustic meatus
• Petrous portion of the temporal bone
• Organs for balance and hearing are embedded
in this structure
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
• Ethmoid bone
• Crista galli (anterior brain attachment)
• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• Sphenoid bone
• Hypophyseal fossa (pituitary gland sits in this fossa
for protection)
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (continued)
• Occipital bone
• Foramen magnum area
• Clivus (slant from the dorsum sella to the foramen
magnum)
• Nasal cavity
• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• Vomer
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Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Sphenoidal sinus (right)
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus
Temporal bone
Crista galli
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Vomer
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Internal acoustic meatus
Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Styloid process
Maxilla
Mandible
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinuses
(left and right)
Crista galli
Squamous suture
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Lambdoid suture
Vomer
Occipital bone
Anterior nasal spine
Petrous part of
temporal bone
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Mandible
Hypoglossal canal
Sagittal section
Margin of
foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
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The Skull and Associated Bones
• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (continued)
• Sinuses
• Frontal sinus
• Sphenoidal sinus
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Sutures of the Skull
• Lambdoid suture
• Suture between the occipital and parietal bones
• Sagittal suture
• Suture between the parietal bones
• Coronal suture
• Suture between the frontal and parietal bones
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Sutures of the Skull
• Squamous suture
• Suture between the temporal bone and the
parietal bones
• Frontonasal suture
• Suture between the nasal and frontal bones
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Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Sagittal suture
Left parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Lambdoid suture
Occipital
bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Occipital condyle
External occipital protuberance
Mandible
a Posterior view of the bones
of the adult skull
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Occipital bone
Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull
Occipital bone
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Right
parietal
bone
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Left
parietal
bone
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Frontal
bone
Nasal
bones
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Zygomatic bone
b Superior view of the
bones of the adult skull
Frontal
bone
Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull
Major Sutures of
the Skull
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line
Squamous suture
Supra-orbital foramen
Frontonasal suture
Lambdoid suture
External acoustic
meatus
Sphenoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimal groove of
lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Infra-orbital foramen
Temporal
bone
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Zygomatic
arch
Mandible
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mental foramen
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Mental protuberance
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Supra-orbital foramen
Superior temporal line
Ethmoid
Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone
Squamous suture
Squamous part of
temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
Infra-orbital foramen
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Maxilla
External occipital
protuberance
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic
meatus
Zygomatic process of
temporal bone
Mastoid process
Mantal foramen
Styloid process
c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull
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Lacrimal groove
of lacrimal bone
Mental protuberance
Bones of the Cranium
• The Occipital Bone
• Single bone
• Foramen magnum
• Opening for the spinal cord
• Occipital condyles
• Articulate with the first cervical vertebra
• Hypoglossal canals
• Opening for the hypoglossal nerve that innervates
the tongue
• Condyloid foramen
• In the center of the condyloid fossa
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Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones
Hypoglossal
canal
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
Hypoglossal canal
Condylar fossa
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital crest
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
a Occipital bone, inferior (external) view.
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Figure 6.6b The Occipital and Parietal Bones
Foramen magnum
Jugular notch
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Entrance to
hypoglossal canal
Fossa for cerebellum
Internal occipital crest
Fossa for cerebrum
Internal occipital protuberance
b
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Occipital bone, superior (internal) view.
Bones of the Cranium
• Parietal Bones
• Paired bones
• Internal surface retains the impression of cranial
blood vessels
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Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Sphenoidal sinus (right)
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus
Temporal bone
Crista galli
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Vomer
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Internal acoustic meatus
Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Styloid process
Maxilla
Mandible
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinuses
(left and right)
Crista galli
Squamous suture
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Lambdoid suture
Vomer
Occipital bone
Anterior nasal spine
Petrous part of
temporal bone
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Mandible
Hypoglossal canal
Sagittal section
Margin of
foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
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Bones of the Cranium
• Frontal Bone
• Single bone
• The superior ridge of the eye socket is part of the
frontal bone
• There is a notch for the position of the ethmoid
bone
• Cribriform plate and crista galli
• An internal ridge (frontal crest) is positioned
anterior to the cribriform plate
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Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (1 of 2)
Crista galli
Frontal bone
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Temporal bone
Carotid canal
Mastoid foramen
Foramen
magnum
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital bone
Horizontal section
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Internal
acoustic meatus
Figure 6.7a The Frontal Bone
Squamous part
(squamous surface)
Squamous part
(squamous surface)
Frontal
(metopic) suture
Superior
temporal line
Superciliary
arch
Supra-orbital margin
Supra-orbital
foramen
Supra-orbital notch
a Anterior view (external surface)
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Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone
Margin of
coronal suture
Squamous part
Frontal crest
Orbital part
Notch for ethmoid
c Posterior view
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Bones of the Cranium
• The Temporal Bone
• Paired bones
• Squamous part of the temporal bone
• Relatively flat bone of the skull makes up the lateral
walls of the cranium
• Mastoid process
• Consists of the mastoid sinuses
• Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
• Styloid process
• Neck muscle attachment
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Bones of the Cranium
• The Temporal Bone
• External acoustic meatus
• Entrance into the ear canal
• Zygomatic process
• Extension of the temporal bone that articulates with
the zygomatic bone
• Petrous portion of the temporal bone
• Inside the skull it forms an oblique ridge between
the temporal bone and the occipital bone
• Houses the auditory sense organs
• Three auditory ossicles per ear
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Figure 6.8a The Temporal Bone
Squamous
part
(squama)
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular
fossa
Articular
tubercle
a Right temporal bone, lateral view
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Zygomatc
process
Figure 6.8b The Temporal Bone
External acoustic
meatus
Tympanic part
Mastoid process,
cut to show
mastoid air cells
b Cutaway view of the mastoid
air cells
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Bones of the Cranium
• The Sphenoid Bone
• Single bone
• Sella turcica
•
•
•
•
•
Dorsum sellae
Hypophyseal fossa (fossa for the pituitary gland)
Tuberculum sellae
Anterior clinoid processes
Posterior clinoid processes
• Optic canals
• Openings for the optic nerves
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Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid
Foramen
rotundum
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic
canal
Optic
groove
Anterior
clinoid
process
Lesser
wing
Greater
wing
Tuberculum
sellae
Foramen
ovale
Sella turcica
Posterior
clinoid process
Dorsum sellae
Foramen
spinosum
Foramen
rotundum
Middle clinoid
process
Sphenoidal
spine
Anterior clinoid
process
Optic
groove
Tuberculum
sellae
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Temporal
bone
Greater
wing
Foramen
ovale
Sella
turcica
Foramen
spinosum
Posterior clinoid
process
Dorsum
sellae
Lesser
wing
To optic
canal
a Superior surface
Sphenoidal
spine
Figure 6.9b The Sphenoid
Superior
Sphenoidal
orbital fissure
sinus
Pterygoid
canal
Lesser
wing
Greater
wing
Orbital
surface of
greater wing
Foramen
rotundum
Pterygoid
process
Lateral plate
Medial plate
Greater
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Sphenoidal
sinus
Body
Lesser
wing
Orbital
surface of
greater
wing
Pterygoid
canal
Pterygoid
process
Foramen
rotundum
Lateral plate
Medial plate
b Anterior surface
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Bones of the Cranium
• The Ethmoid Bone
• Single bone
• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• Superior portion of the nasal septum
• Crista galli
• Superior portion of the perpendicular plate of the
ethmoid
• Cribriform plate
• Borders the crista galli
• Cribriform plate foramina (olfactory foramina)
• Openings for the olfactory nerves
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Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid
Cribriform
plate
Crista
galli
Ethmoidal
labyrinth
containing
lateral masses
Middle
nasal
concha
Perpendicular
plate
b Anterior view
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Bones of the Cranium
• The Cranial Fossae
• Anterior cranial fossa
• Consists of the frontal and ethmoid bones
• Middle cranial fossa
• Extends from the internal nares to the petrous
portion of the temporal bone
• Consists of the sphenoid, temporal, and parietal
bones
• Posterior cranial fossa
• Extends from the petrous portion of the temporal
bone to the posterior skull
• Consists mainly of the occipital bone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.11 The Cranial Fossae
Anterior
cranial
fossa
Optic groove
Middle
cranial
fossa
Crista galli
Frontal sinus
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Posterior
cranial
fossa
Jugular foramen
Sphenopalatine
foramen
Sella
turcica
Sphenoidal
sinus
a
Hypoglossal
canal
Internal acoustic
meatus
A sagittal section through the skull showing
the relative positions of the cranial fossae.
Sella turcica
Crista galli of ethmoid
Entrance to
optic canal
Occulomotor nerve
Olfactory tract
Cribriform plate
Anterior clinoid
process
Superior orbital
fissure
Anterior
cranial
fossa
Foramen
rotundum
Posterior
clinoid
process
Middle
cranial
fossa
Foramen
ovale
Anterior
cranial
fossa
Optic chiasm
Optic nerve
Middle
cranial
fossa
Midbrain
Foramen
spinosum
Foramen
lacerum
Petrous part of
temporal bone
Foramen
magnum
Posterior
cranial
fossa
Posterior
cranial
fossa
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of
the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem
and associated nerves and blood vessels remain.
Cerebral
arterial circle
Bones of the Face
• The bones that make up the face are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maxillae (paired)
Palatine (paired)
Nasal (paired)
Inferior nasal conchae (paired)
Zygomatic (paired)
Lacrimal (paired)
Vomer (single)
Mandible (single)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Maxillae
•
•
•
•
•
Paired bones
Make up the upper jaw
Maxillary sinuses
Anterior nasal spine
Alveolar processes
• Tooth sockets
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Maxillae (continued)
• Anterior nasal spine
• Infra-orbital foramen
• Openings for the maxillary nerve passing through
the foramen rotundum
• Palatine process
• Anterior palatine bone (roof of the mouth)
• Incisive foramen
• Opening for nerve and small arteries that innervate
the palatal surface
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.12 The Maxillae
Maxillary sinuses
Alveolar
process
Frontal process
Zygomatic
process
Palatine bone
(horizontal
plate)
Lacrimal groove
Orbital surface
Incisive
canals
Infra-orbital foramen
Maxillary sinus
Anterior nasal spine
Body
Palatine process
of right maxilla
Incisive canal
Palatine process
Alveolar process
a Right maxilla, anterior
and lateral surfaces
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Right maxilla,
medial surface
c Superior view of a horizontal section
through both maxillae and palatine bones
showing the orientation of the maxillary
sinuses and the structure of the bony palate
Bones of the Face
• The Palatine Bones
• Paired bones
• Posterior to the palatine process of the maxillae
• Makes up 1/3 of the roof of the mouth
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.12c The Maxillae
Maxillary sinuses
Alveolar
process
Palatine bone
(horizontal
plate)
Incisive
canals
Palatine process
of right maxilla
c
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior view of a horizontal section
through both maxillae and palatine bones
showing the orientation of the maxillary
sinuses and the structure of the bony palate
Bones of the Face
• The Nasal Bones
• Paired bones
• Articulate with the frontal bone at the frontonasal
suture
• The lateral edges of each nasal bone articulate
with the maxillae
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Supra-orbital foramen
Sphenoid
Frontal bone
Frontonasal suture
Temporal bone
Ethmoid
Optic canal
Palatine bone
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Nasal bone
Middle nasal concha
Maxilla
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
Vomer
Mental protuberance
Mandible
d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Inferior Nasal Conchae
• Paired bones
• Attached to the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Supra-orbital foramen
Sphenoid
Frontal bone
Frontonasal suture
Temporal bone
Ethmoid
Optic canal
Palatine bone
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Nasal bone
Middle nasal concha
Maxilla
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
Vomer
Mental protuberance
Mandible
d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Zygomatic Bones
• Paired bones
• Articulates with the maxillae and the zygomatic
process of the temporal bone and the frontal bone
• Makes up the lateral wall of the eye socket
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Supra-orbital foramen
Sphenoid
Frontal bone
Frontonasal suture
Temporal bone
Ethmoid
Optic canal
Palatine bone
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Nasal bone
Middle nasal concha
Maxilla
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
Vomer
Mental protuberance
Mandible
d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Lacrimal Bones
• Paired bones
• Smallest bones of the skull
• Positioned on the medial aspect of the eye socket
(anterior to the ethmoid bone)
• Consists of a lacrimal foramen (nasolacrimal
canal)
• Drains tears into the nasal cavity
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Major Sutures of
the Skull
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line
Squamous suture
Supra-orbital foramen
Frontonasal suture
Temporal
bone
Lambdoid suture
External acoustic
meatus
Sphenoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimal groove of
lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Infra-orbital foramen
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Zygomatic
arch
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Mandible
c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex (1 of 2)
Frontal bone
Supra-orbital
notch
Optic
canal
Palatine
bone
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Superior
orbital
fissure
Lacrimal
bone
Lacrimal
groove
Inferior
orbital
fissure
Zygomatic
bone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nasolacrimal
canal
Infra-orbital
groove
Infra-orbital
foramen
Maxillary
bone
Bones of the Face
• The Vomer
• Single bone
• Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II (1 of 2)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Sphenoidal sinus (right)
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus
Temporal bone
Crista galli
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Vomer
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Internal acoustic meatus
Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Maxilla
Styloid process
Mandible
Sagittal section
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Supra-orbital foramen
Sphenoid
Frontal bone
Frontonasal suture
Temporal bone
Ethmoid
Optic canal
Palatine bone
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Nasal bone
Middle nasal concha
Maxilla
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
Vomer
Mental protuberance
Mandible
d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Mandible
• Single bone
• Makes up the lower jaw
• Head (mandibular condyle)
• Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the
temporal bone
• Mandibular notch
• Coronoid process
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Face
• The Mandible (continued)
• Ramus
• Angle
• Body
• Alveolar process (tooth sockets)
• Mental foramina (openings for the passage of
nerves)
• Mental protuberance (bony ridge on the anterior
edge)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.14a The Mandible
Head
Alveolar
part
Teeth (molar)
Mylohyoid line
Coronoid
process
Condylar
process
Mandibular
notch
Body
Ramus
Angle
Mental
foramen
Mental
protuberance
a Superior and lateral surfaces
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Orbital Complex
• Made of 7 bony structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Frontal (roof of the orbit)
Zygomatic (lateral edge of the orbit)
Maxilla (floor of the orbit)
Palatine bone (part of the floor of the orbit)
Lacrimal bone (medial edge of the orbit)
Ethmoid bone (medial edge of the orbit)
Sphenoid bone (posterior edge of the orbit)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex
Supra-orbital
notch
Frontal bone
Frontal
bone
Supra-orbital
notch
Optic canal
Optic
canal
Sphenoid
Superior
orbital
fissure
Inferior
orbital
fissure
Zygomatic
bone
Palatine
bone
Superior orbital
fissure
Ethmoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
bone
Inferior orbital
fissure
Lacrimal
groove
Infra-orbital
groove
Nasolacrimal
canal
Infra-orbital
groove
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Infra-orbital
foramen
Sphenoid
Maxillary
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxillary
bone
Infra-orbital
foramen
Nasolacrimal
canal
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Orbital Complex (continued)
• Superior orbital fissure (opening for the
following nerves)
• Oculomotor
• Trochlear
• Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Orbital Complex (continued)
• Inferior orbital fissure (opening for the
following nerve)
• Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
• Optic canal (opening for the following nerve)
• Optic nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex
Supra-orbital
notch
Frontal bone
Frontal
bone
Supra-orbital
notch
Optic canal
Optic
canal
Sphenoid
Superior
orbital
fissure
Inferior
orbital
fissure
Zygomatic
bone
Palatine
bone
Superior orbital
fissure
Ethmoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
bone
Inferior orbital
fissure
Lacrimal
groove
Infra-orbital
groove
Nasolacrimal
canal
Infra-orbital
groove
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Infra-orbital
foramen
Sphenoid
Maxillary
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxillary
bone
Infra-orbital
foramen
Nasolacrimal
canal
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Nasal Complex
• Nasal septum
• Vomer
• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• Ethmoid bone
• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• Crista galli
• Superior and middle nasal conchae
• Maxillary bone
• Inferior nasal conchae
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II (1 of 2)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Sphenoidal sinus (right)
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus
Temporal bone
Crista galli
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Vomer
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Internal acoustic meatus
Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Maxilla
Styloid process
Mandible
Sagittal section
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull
Parietal bone
Coronal suture
Supra-orbital foramen
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Ethmoid
Palatine bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Frontal bone
Frontonasal suture
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Supra-orbital foramen
Temporal bone
Sphenoid
Nasal bone
Frontonasal suture
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha
Infra-orbital foramen
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Inferior nasal concha
Perpendicular
plate of ethmoid
Vomer
Bony nasal septum
Mental protuberance
d
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Nasal Complex (continued)
• Ethmoid bone
• Notice how the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
protrudes into the cranial cavity forming the crista
galli
• The paranasal sinuses
•
•
•
•
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinuses
Ethmoidal air sacs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.16a The Nasal Complex and Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Locations of the paranasal sinuses
Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex and Paranasal Sinuses
Nasal septum
Cranial cavity
Frontal bone
Ethmoidal air cells
Perpendicular
plate
Crista galli
Zygomatic bone
Superior nasal concha
Ethmoid
ORBIT
Middle nasal concha
Maxillary
sinus
Maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Left nasal
cavity
Mandible
b A diagrammatic frontal section showing
the positions of the paranasal sinuses
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Hyoid Bone
• Does not articulate with any other bone
• It is suspended inferior to the skull
• The inferior portion is connected to the
thyrohyoid ligament
• The superior portion is suspended from the
mandible via muscles
• Stylohyoid muscle
• Digastric muscle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the
Hyoid Bone
• The Hyoid Bone (continued)
• Bony projections of the hyoid bone
• Greater horn
• Lesser horn
• Body
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.17 The Hyoid Bone
Greater horn
Styloid process
(temporal bone)
Lesser horn
Mastoid process
(temporal bone)
Mandible
Body
Digastric muscle
(anterior belly)
Stylohyoid ligament
Greater horn
Stylohyoid muscle
Lesser horn
Thyrohyoid ligament
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thyroid
cartilage
Digastric muscle
(posterior belly)
Anterior view showing the relationship
of the hyoid bone to the skull, the
larynx, and selected skeletal muscles
b
The isolated
hyoid bone,
anterosuperior
view
The Skulls of Infants, Children, and Adults
• Major features of the infant skull
• 4 major fontanel areas
• Membranous areas where sutures will eventually
form
• Allow for distortion of the skull during childbirth
•
•
•
•
Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”)
Posterior fontanel
Sphenoidal fontanels
Mastoid fontanels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.18 The Skull of an Infant
Sagittal suture
Fontanels
Sphenoidal
fontanel
Parietal bone
Mastoid
fontanel
Anterior fontanel
Coronal suture
Coronal
suture
Frontal
bone
Parietal
bone
Frontal suture
Greater wing
of sphenoid
Frontal bone
Nasal
bone
Frontal suture
Maxilla
Mandible
Temporal
bone
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid
suture
b Anterior/superior view
a Lateral view
Fontanels
Anterior fontanel
Posterior fontanel
Coronal suture
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
Frontal suture
Frontal
bone
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Coronal suture
c Superior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sagittal suture
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid
suture
Parietal
bone
Posterior
fontanel
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
d Posterior view
Review of the Skull
• There are 22 bones of the skull
• Facial bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maxillae – 2
Palatine bones – 2
Nasal bones – 2
Inferior nasal conchae – 2
Zygomatic bones – 2
Lacrimal bones – 2
Vomer – 1
Mandible – 1
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review of the Skull (continued)
• There are 22 bones of the skull
• Cranial bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
Occipital bone – 1
Parietal bones – 2
Frontal bone – 1
Temporal bones – 2
Sphenoid bone – 1
Ethmoid bone – 1
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review of the Skull (continued)
• There are 7 associated bones of the skull
• Associated bones
• Auditory ossicles – 6
• Hyoid bone – 1
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column
• The adult vertebral column is made up of 26
bones
• 24 vertebrae
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
• 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column
• Functional Anatomy of the Vertebral Column
•
•
•
•
•
Encloses and protects the spinal cord
Supports the skull
Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk
Transfers weight to the lower limbs
Helps maintain the upright position of the body
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.19ab The Vertebral Column
VERTEBRAL REGIONS
SPINAL CURVES
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
Primary curves
develop before birth,
and secondary curves
after birth.
Cervical curve.
A secondary curve;
develops as the infant
learns to balance the
Weight of the head on
the vertebrae of the neck.
Cervical
Thoracic curve.
A primary curve;
accommodates
the thoracic
organs.
Thoracic
Lumbar curve.
A secondary curve;
balances the weight of
the trunk over the lower
limbs; it develops with
the ability to stand.
Lumbar
Sacral curve.
A primary curve;
accommodates
the abdominopelvic organs.
Sacral
Coccygeal
b Normal vertebral
a The major divisions of the
vertebral column showing
the four adult spinal curves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
column, lateral view
The Vertebral Column
• Spinal Curves
• There are 4 major curves of the vertebral column
•
•
•
•
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve
• These curves, along with muscle attachment to
the various vertebral processes, help to maintain
balance
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.19ab The Vertebral Column
VERTEBRAL REGIONS
SPINAL CURVES
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
Primary curves
develop before birth,
and secondary curves
after birth.
Cervical curve.
A secondary curve;
develops as the infant
learns to balance the
Weight of the head on
the vertebrae of the neck.
Cervical
Thoracic curve.
A primary curve;
accommodates
the thoracic
organs.
Thoracic
Lumbar curve.
A secondary curve;
balances the weight of
the trunk over the lower
limbs; it develops with
the ability to stand.
Lumbar
Sacral curve.
A primary curve;
accommodates
the abdominopelvic organs.
Sacral
Coccygeal
b Normal vertebral
a The major divisions of the
vertebral column showing
the four adult spinal curves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
column, lateral view
The Vertebral Column
• Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column
• Scoliosis
• Abnormal lateral curvature
• Kyphosis
• Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic
region
• Lordosis
• Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar
region
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical Note 6.1 Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis
Kyphosis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scoliosis
The Vertebral Column
• Spinal Curves
• The developing infant lacks balance
• They lack the proper curvature
• They lack muscle coordination
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.19d The Vertebral Column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
2 fetal
months
6 fetal
months
Newborn
4-year-old
13-year-old
d The development of spinal curves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adult
The Vertebral Column
• Vertebral Anatomy
• The vertebral body
• Supports weight along the axis of the body
• An anterior structure
• A vertebral body is separated from another
vertebral body by a pad of cartilage called the
intervertebral disc
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.20de Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facets
Superior articular
process
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Intervertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
disc
Spinous process
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse
process
Vertebral body
Vertebral body
Inferior
articular
process
d
A posterior view of three
articulated vertebrae
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior
articular
facet
e
Arrow passing
through vertebral
canal
A lateral and sectional view of
three articulated vertebrae
The Vertebral Column
• Vertebral Anatomy
• The vertebral arch
•
•
•
•
Forms the vertebral foramen
Made of pedicle and lamina
Spinous process projects posteriorly
Transverse processes project laterally
• Spina bifida
• Malformation of the structures making up the
vertebral arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.23a Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous process of
vertebra prominens
C7
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
Intervertebral
foramen
T10
T11
T12
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral view of the
thoracic region of the
vertebral column. The
vertebra prominens
(C7) resembles T1, but
it lacks facets for rib
articulation. Vertebra
T12 resembles the first
lumbar vertebra (L1),
but it has a facet for
rib articulation.
Figure 6.23c Thoracic Vertebrae
Transverse costal
facet for tubercle
of rib
Spinous process
Lamina
Transverse
costal facet
Transverse process
Superior articular
facet
Superior
costal facet
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Vertebral
body
Inferior costal facet
Vertebral foramen
c A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
costal
facet
Clinical Note 6.2 Spina Bifida
Spina bifida
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column
• Vertebral Anatomy
• The articular processes
• Superior articular surface
• Inferior articular process
• Vertebral articulation
• Vertebral bodies are separated by intervertebral
discs
• This results in creating a space called the
intervertebral foramen
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.20e Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facets
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Intervertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
disc
Spinous process
Transverse
process
Vertebral body
Inferior
articular
facet
e
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arrow passing
through vertebral
canal
A lateral and sectional view of
three articulated vertebrae
The Vertebral Column
• Vertebral Regions
• Numbering system of vertebrae
• Cervical region
• C1, C2, C3, etc.
• Thoracic region
• T1, T2, T3, etc.
• Lumbar region
• L1, L2, L3, etc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.19a The Vertebral Column
VERTEBRAL REGIONS
SPINAL CURVES
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
a The major divisions of the
vertebral column showing
the four adult spinal curves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column
• Cervical Vertebrae
• There are 7
• Support the weight of the head
• Spinous processes are bifid except for C7
• All have transverse foramen
• Two cervical vertebrae have specific names
• C1 is the atlas
• C2 is the axis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.22abcd Atlas and Axis
Posterior tubercle
Vertebral
foramen
Posterior arch
Vertebral
foramen
Facet for dens
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Superior
articular facet
Costal process
a
Inferior
articular facet
Anterior arch
Superior
articular process
Anterior tubercle
b
Atlas, superior view
Atlas, inferior view
Spinous process
Lamina
Inferior articular
process
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral
body
Superior articular
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Vertebral
body
Pedicle
Superior articular
process
Dens
c
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Inferior articular
facet
Axis, superior view
d
Axis, inferior view
The Vertebral Column
• The Atlas (C1)
•
•
•
•
Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
Does not have a body
Has the largest vertebral foramen of all vertebrae
Allows the head to nod in a “yes” manner
• The Axis (C2)
• Has a dens
• The transverse ligament binds the dens to the
atlas
• Allows the head to move in a “no” manner
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Figure 6.22ef Atlas and Axis
Articular facet for
dens of axis
Dens
Transverse
ligament
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
e
f
The articulated atlas and axis,
in superior and posterior view
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The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the
transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis
in position at the articular facet of the atlas
The Vertebral Column
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• There are 12
• All have rib articulation points
• They support the ribs
• Most spinous processes point inferiorly
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Figure 6.23a Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous process of
vertebra prominens
C7
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
Intervertebral
foramen
T10
T11
T12
a
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Lateral view of the
thoracic region of the
vertebral column. The
vertebra prominens
(C7) resembles T1, but
it lacks facets for rib
articulation. Vertebra
T12 resembles the first
lumbar vertebra (L1),
but it has a facet for
rib articulation.
Figure 6.23c Thoracic Vertebrae
Transverse costal
facet for tubercle
of rib
Spinous process
Lamina
Transverse
costal facet
Transverse process
Superior articular
facet
Superior
costal facet
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Vertebral
body
Inferior costal facet
Vertebral foramen
c A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
costal
facet
The Vertebral Column
• Lumbar Vertebrae
•
•
•
•
There are 5
Support the weight of the torso
Vertebral bodies are quite large
Spinous process points posteriorly
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.24a Lumbar Vertebrae
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Spinous
process
Vertebral
body
Spinous
process
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A representative lumbar
vertebra, lateral view
Vertebral
body
The Vertebral Column
• The Sacrum
• There is one sacrum but consists of five fused
vertebrae
• Structures of the sacrum
•
•
•
•
Sacral hiatus
Median sacral crest
Entrance to sacral canal
Sacral foramina
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Figure 6.25 The Sacrum and Coccyx
Articular
process
Entrance to
sacral canal
Base
Sacral
promontory
Pelvic surface
Sacral
tuberosity
Auricular
surface
Lateral
sacral crest
Sacral
curve
Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
a
Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Transverse
lines
Sacral
foramina
Median
sacral crest
Sacral
hiatus
Ala
Ala
Apex
Coccyx
b
Lateral view
c
Anterior view
The Vertebral Column
• The Coccyx
•
•
•
•
Consists of three to five fused vertebrae
Adult male coccyx points anteriorly
Adult female coccyx points inferiorly
Coccyx consists of the coccygeal cornu
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The Thoracic Cage
• The thoracic cage has two functions
• It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other
structures within the cavity
• It serves as the attachment site for muscles
involved in:
• Respiration
• Positioning the vertebral column
• Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
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The Thoracic Cage
• The Ribs
• Two types of rib classification
• Ribs (one type of classification)
• True ribs: 1–7
• False ribs: 8–12
• Ribs (another type of classification)
• Vertebrosternal ribs: 1–7
• Vertebrochondral ribs: 8–10
• Vertebral ribs (floating ribs): 11–12 (no anterior
cartilage)
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Figure 6.26a The Thoracic Cage
Jugular notch
T1
Clavicular
articulation
1
Sternum
2
Manubrium
3
Body
True ribs
(ribs 1–7)
4
Xiphoid
process
5
Costal cartilages
Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
10
T11
T12
Vertebrochondral ribs
(ribs 8–10)
11
12
7
8
9
a Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum
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6
False ribs
(ribs 8–12)
The Thoracic Cage
• The Ribs
• 12 pairs of ribs
• Each rib articulates with a thoracic vertebra
• Structures of a rib
•
•
•
•
•
•
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Costal groove
Body
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Figure 6.26d The Thoracic Cage
Head
Neck
Attachment to
costal cartilage
(sternal end)
Tubercle
Articular
facets
Body
Angle
d A posterior and medial view showing
major anatomical landmarks on an
isolated left rib (rib 10)
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Costal
groove
The Thoracic Cage
• The Sternum
• Consists of
•
•
•
•
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid
Jugular notch
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Figure 6.26a The Thoracic Cage
Jugular notch
T1
Clavicular
articulation
1
Sternum
2
Manubrium
3
Body
True ribs
(ribs 1–7)
4
Xiphoid
process
5
Costal cartilages
Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
10
T11
T12
Vertebrochondral ribs
(ribs 8–10)
11
12
7
8
9
a Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum
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6
False ribs
(ribs 8–12)