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ASSIGNMENT 2 – HARDWARE & OPERATING SYSTEM
A. Hardware
1. List down different kind of motherboard for the PC.
AT Motherboard – Full AT and Baby AT
ATX Motherboard
BTX Motherboard
ITX Motherboard
2. What is the different between AT and ATX motherboard? Sketch the
layout of the two motherboard?
AT Motherboard
- AT is an old standard motherboard.
- AT board is wider compared to ATX board by 4inches.
- AT only supplies 5V power.
- AT has one 20pins connector.
- The power switches connected directly to the power supply
SA Slot
RAM
Slot
PCI Slot
IDE
Connector
CPU
Socket
Floppy
Connector
Power
Connector
ATX Motherboard
- ATX is new motherboard to replace AT.
- ATX is smaller than AT.
- ATX normally supplies both 3.3V and 5V power.
- ATX has two 6pins connectors.
- The power switch is connected to the motherboard.
PCI Slot
CPU
Socket
AGT
RAM
Slot
IDE
Connector
Floppy
Connector
Power
Connector
3. List the pins number of various kind of connector on the motherboard and
at the back of the PC.
Motherboard
- IDE Connector (40 pins), Floppy Connector, (34 pins), ATX Power Connector
(24 pins), PCI (64 pins), AGP (132 pins)
Back of PC
- Parallel Port (25 pins), Series Port (9/15 pins), VGA (15pins), PS/2 Keyboard
and Mouse Port (6 pins). USB (4 pins)
4. What are the DC voltages we can find from the DC power supply?
The voltage from the DC Power Supply is 12V.
5. List down the electrical problem we are facing when operating our PC?
- DISK I/O error
- Read/Write errors
- No display on screen
- I/O device or Adapter freezes and doesn't function
6. What are ESD, EMI and RFI?
ESD stands for Electro Static Discharge.
It is the process of limiting electric current that flows when an excess of
electric charge, stored on an electrically insulated object, finds a path to an
object at a different electrical potential (such as ground) by separating them
with a barrier made of a lightly conductive material. Static dissipative
materials have electrical resistance between insulative and conductive
materials. There can be electron flow across or through the dissipative
material, but it is controlled by the surface resistance or volume resistance of
the material.
* Typical materials for ESD shielding in the semiconductor and medical
device industries include carbon-filled silicone and polyurethane blends that
shield highly sensitive electronic circuitry.
EMI stands for Electromagnetic Interference.
It is the process of blocking the induction of electromagnetic radiation, which
is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a byproduct of their normal operation to other circuits which causes unwanted
signals (interference or noise). This is achieved by separating the circuits
with a barrier made of conductive material.
RFI stands for Radio Frequency Interference.
It is the process blocking radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from one
circuit to another by separating them with a barrier made of conductive
material. This is achieved by separating the circuits with a barrier made of
conductive material.
7. List different kind of PC storage.
Hard-disk
Compact disk
Digital Versatile disk
Blue-Ray disk
8. List various kinds of RAM and their pin numbers
SRAM – Static Random Access Memory ~> 68 pins
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory ~> 72 pins
SDRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory ~> 184 pins
DDR SDRAM - Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
Memory ~> 184 pins
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory ~>184 pins
CMOS RAM - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random Access
Memory ~> 8 pins
VRAM - Video Random Access Memory ~> 72 pins
B. Operating System
1. What is the function of OS?
Operating system is an interface between hardware & user which is responsible for
the management and wordination of activities & sharing resource of computer.
2. List down some of the OS that we can use in a small computer?
Windows
Linux
3. What is the different between text based and graphic base OS?
Text based OS
It refers to handling text, not graphics. DOS and UNIX are inherently textbased operating systems, in contrast to Windows and the Mac, which are
graphics based.
Graphic based OS
It is the display of text and pictures as graphics images; typically bitmapped
images. Windows and the Mac are inherently graphics based operating system.
4. List down some of the internal and external command of the text based and
briefly explains the function of these command.
Internal Command
cd - change directory
dir - List the directory
cls – Clear screen
External Command
Fdisk - Create or delete the partitioning
Format - Format primary partition
Setup – To install operating system
5. What is FDISK used for and then list down the menu that we can find
under FDISK.
Fdisk
It is commonly used to create or delete partition in an operating system.
Menu under Fdisk
1) Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2) Set active partition
3) Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4) Display partition indormation
6. Explain briefly what File System is.
File system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they
contain to make it easy to find and access them. It may use a data storage such as
Hard Disk, involve in maintaining the physical location of the files, might provide
access to data on a file server by acting as clients for network protocol (e.g. NFS,
SMB or 9P Clients), and may be virtual and exist only as an access method for
virtual data (e.g. process file system).
7. What is the different between physical and logical drive?
Physical disk
It is an operational hard disk, which may be formatted to include more than
one logical drive.
Logical disk
It is a device that provides an area of usable storage capacity on one or more
physical disk drive component in a computer system.
8. List down the complete steps on how to install Windows 98 OS?
1. Insert Win98 OS CD.
2. Restart the PC.
3. Click F2 repeatedly when the window is run until the BIOS Setup Utility Boot
shown (CMOS~ >Detect Driver).
4. Go Boot and arrange the CD-Rom at the top and Hard-disk at the second
position by using “ + ” and “ – ˮ.
5. Click F10 to save and quit.
6. Click 2 to Install the Win98 by using CD-Rom.
7. Click 2 to run the Win98 by using CD-Rom.
8. Type D: and hit enter to the option.
9. Type ‘y’ to enable the large disk.
10.4 option will display on the screen.
11.Type ‘4’ and hit enter to make sure there is no partition and hit esc to back.
12.Type ‘1’ and hit enter to create DOS Partition and Logical DOS Partition.
13. Type ‘1’ and hit enter to create Primary partition.
14. Enter the size that wants to set for primary partition.
15. If the primary partition not used the whole size, type ‘1’ to create partition and
type ‘2’ to create a extended partition and logical disk.
16. Set the remaining of the size and hit enter to create logical disk.
17. Set the size for the extended and logical partition.
18. Click esc to back and type ‘4’ to check the partition information.
19. If there is all you want, then type ‘2’ to set the primary as active.
20. Click esc to quit and click ‘ctrl + alt + del’ to restart.
21. Type ‘F:’ to change from ‘D:’ to ‘F:’ because ‘C:’ is primary, ‘D:’ is extended
and ‘E:’ is logical disk.
22. Type ‘cd win98’ and hit enter.
23. Type ‘format c:’ and hit enter.
24. Type ‘y’ and hit enter to format ‘c:’.
25. Enter name for ‘c:’.
26. Finally, type ‘setup’ and hit enter to run the setup of the Wins 98 installation.
9. What is the different between basic and dynamic disk?
Basic disks
Basic disks are the ones that IT pros are most familiar with, and the typical
terms and technologies apply.
Dynamic disks
Dynamic disks support new features and sport new terminology.
*In full sentence*
Basic disks use normal partition tables supported by MS-DOS and all Windows
versions. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended
partitions, and logical drives. Any volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, or stripe
sets with parity, it must be back up and delete or convert them to dynamic disks
before installing Windows OS. Basic disk are limited to creating only four primary
partitions per disk or three primary partitions and one extended partition with
logical drives.
Dynamic disks do not use partitions or logical drives. Dynamic disks offer greater
flexibility for volume management because they use a database to track
information about dynamic volumes on the disk and about other dynamic disks in
the computer. With dynamic storage, it can perform disk and volume management
without restarting Windows. Dynamic disks are not supported on laptop computers
or on computers with Windows XP Home Edition installed. The number of
volumes that can be created on a dynamic hard disk is only limited by the amount
of free space available.