Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Proof to: Dr. B. A. Foote Dept. of Biol. Sci. Kent State Univ. Kent, OH 44242 BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF LEIOMYZA LAEVIGATA (DIPTERA: ASTEIIDAE), A CONSUMER OF MUSHROOMS BRITT BUNYARD1 and B. A. FOOTE Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University Kent, Ohio 44242 ABSTRACT Information is presented on the life cycle and larval feeding habits of Leiomyza laevigata Meigen, a Holarctic species of the dipteran family Asteiidae. Adults were reared from Lepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Quel. [Agaricaceae], a common gill-bearing fungus in northeastern Ohio. The eggs, third-instar larva, and puparium are described and illustrated. The morphology of the immature stages are compared to those of other families of acalyptrate Diptera. KEY WORDS: Asteiidae, Leiomyza, mushrooms, life history, feeding habits, immature stages The acalyptrate family Asteiidae occurs in all biogeographic zones and consists of about 100 species and 11 genera worldwide (Sabrosky, 1987). At least 18 species in 5 genera are recorded from America north of Mexico (Poole and Lewis, 1996). It is a member of the superfamily ?? and may be particularly close to the family ?? (McAlpine, 198?). The biology of Asteiidae is very poorly known (Ferrar, 1987), and very few larvae have been described. Species of Asteia have been reared from rotting plant stems in Hawaii (Hardy and Delfinado, 1980). Seguy (1934) reported that A. amoena Meigen bred within rot pockets of hollow trees in Europe. Perry and Stubbs (1978) recorded a rearing of this species from sappy wood, and Cogan (1978) reported that A. concinna Meigen was reared from rotting plant material that had accumulated at the bases of stems of dune grasses. In contrast, Hafez et al. (1970) claimed that larvae of A. amoena occurred in leaf mines in species of Cruciferae. The egg and puparium of Asteia sabroskyi, an Hawaiian species, have been described by Hardy and Delfinado (1980). Adults of the genus Phlebosotera have been taken in fruitfly traps in North America (Sabrosky, 1957). Adults of another North American species, Sigaloessa frontalis Aldrich, have been taken from cotton and possibly breeds within cotton buds infested by Anthonomus grandis Boheman (cotton boll weevil) (Sabrosky, 1957). Adults of Astiosoma rufifrons Duda have been recorded as being attracted to smouldering bonfires, cold wood ash, and fermenting wood chips in Britain (Chandler, 1978b). Species of this genus have been found also on windows of sawmills in North America (Chandler, 1978b). 3 Adults of a few of the 4 Nearctic species of Leiomyza have been collected on mushrooms (Sabrosky, 1957), and several British species have been reared from larvae occurring in fungi, particularly species growing on wood (Buxton, 1960; Chandler, 1978a, 1978b). Papp (1972, 1992) reared adults of L. dudai Sabrosky from larvae found in 35 species of Agaricales fungi in Hungary and described the egg, three larval instars, and puparium. The purposes of this paper are to elucidate the life history and larval feeding habits of Leiomyza laevigata Meigen, to describe its immature stages; and to compare the larval morphology with that of other families of acalyptrate Diptera. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult flies were reared in the late summer of 1988 from fruiting bodies of Lepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Quel. collected in Towner's Woods, a county park located approximately 2 miles northeast of Kent (Portage Co.) in northeastern Ohio. The mushroom specimens had been held on a moist layer of peat moss in plastic rearing containers. Reared adults were placed in breeding jars containing pieces of the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus Singer, lying on moist peat moss. A small pellet of honey and brewers yeast, appressed to the upper wall of the container, provided food for emerging adults. All rearings were maintained at room temperature (ca. 25 0 C). Larvae and puparia were killed in boiling water and then placed in 70% ethanol. Some larvae were then critically point desiccated (Grodowitz, et al., 1982) and scanned with a scanning electron microscope. 4 LIFE HISTORY Although over 200 fruiting bodies of 44 species of gilled mushrooms were held in breeding jars over a two-year period, adults (14) of L. laevigata were obtained only from two sporophores of Lepiota rachodes (Lepiotaceae) collected on September 28, 1988 at Towners Woods. It may be significant that no other species of acalyptrate Diptera were reared from this mushroom, although a few adults of an undetermined species of Phoridae were obtained from the fruiting bodies. Larvae of Cecidomyiidae were abundant in the pileus and stipe of both sporophores. Interestingly, no Leiomyza adults were obtained from 4 fruiting bodies of Lepiota americana Peck collected on August 7, 1988. Adult flies fed readily on the mixture of honey and brewer's yeast which was affixed to the walls of the rearing chambers. Mating occurred 2-3 days after emergence and was repeated frequently throughout the lifespan of the female. Males seemingly protected their sperm investment by "riding" the female for several minutes after copulation was completed. Eggs were usually placed on or near the gills of fresh, unrotted commercial mushrooms. _ The egg incubation period ranged from 5-7 days ( x = 5.6 + 0.7; n = 27). Newly hatched larvae appeared to feed initially in the areas of the gills, but older larvae tended to burrow through the more intact tissues of the sporophore, including the stem and cap. Larvae frequently fed also on decaying tissues. The laboratory feeding activity corresponded to that seen in its natural host. _ The larval period lasted 8-10 days ( x = 9.3 + 0.6; n = 24). The prepupal period lasted 1-2 days with pupation usually occurring away from the rotting fungal material _ and frequently on an elevated substrate. The pupal period lasted 12-16 days ( x = 14.3 + 1.2; n = 15). The adult longevity was 23-42 days (x = 33.3+ 6.3; n = 12). Leiomzya laevigata probably has more than one generation per year. DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES i-01-2003: I AM STUCK A BIT WITH THESE DESCRIPTIONS, AS BRIT REPORTS THAT HE DOES NOT HAVE ANY PRESERVED LARVAE. WE ARE ALSO SHORT OF A FEW ELECTROSCANS, SO WILL PLACE THIS MANUSCRIPT ON HOLD UNTIL WE GET MORE LARVAL MATERIAL. Egg: First-instar Larva: Second-instar Larva: Third-instar Larva: Puparium: LITERATURE CITED Buxton, P. A. 1960. British Diptera associated with fungi. III. Flies of all families reared from about 150 species of fungi. Entomologist Monthly Magazine 96: 6195. Chandler, P. J. 1978a. Associations with plants. Fungi, pp. 199-211. In A. Stubbs and P. Chandler, eds., A Dipterist's Handbook. Amat. Entomol. 15. ___. 1978b. A revision of the British Asteiidae (Diptera) including two additions to the British list. Proceedings British. Entomological Natural History Society 11: 23-34. Cogan, B. 1978. Major habitats. Sand dunes, pp. 125-129. In A. Stubbs and P. Chandler, eds., A Dipterist's Handbook. Amat. Entomol. 15. Hafez, M., S. El-Ziady, and N. Z. Dimetry. 1970. Leaf mining Diptera of vegetables and crops in Egypt. Bulletin of the Society of Entomology Egypte 54(1971): 389414. Hardy, D. E., and M. D. Delfinado. 1980. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha III. Series Schizophora, Section Acalypterae, exclusive of family Drosophilidae. Insects Hawaii 13: 1-451. Ferrar, P. 1987. A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Pt. 1. Entomonograph 8. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 477p. Papp, L. 1972. Systematical and ecological investigations on fly pests of fungi in Hungary. II. Sphaeroceridae and Asteiidae (Diptera). Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungary 64: 315-317. ______. 1992. Immature stages of Leiomyza dudai Sabrosky, 1956 (Diptera, Asteiidae: Sigaloessinae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 38: 313-320. Perry I., and A. E. Stubbs. 1978. Some micro-habitats. Dead wood and sap runs, pp. 65-73. In A. Stubbs and P. Chandler, eds., A Dipterist's Handbook. Amat. Entomol. 15. Sabrosky, C. W. 1957. Synopsis of the New World species of the dipterous family Asteiidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 50: 43-61. ______________. 1987. 78. Asteiidae, pp. 899-902. In J. F. McAlpine, ed., Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph 28. Seguy, E. 1934. Dipteres (Brachyceres) (Muscidae Acalypterae et Scatophagidae). Faune de France 28: 1-832. Table 1. Life history data for Leiomyza laevigata reared from the commercial mushroom Aqaricus bisporus at 27o C. Adult longevity _ 23-42 days ( x = 33.3 + 6.3; n = 12) Pre-mating period 2-3 days Incubation period Larval period Prepupal period _ 5-7 days ( x = 5.6 + 0.7; n = 27) _ 8-10 days ( x = 9.3 + 0.6; n = 24) 1-2 days Pupal period _ 12-16 days ( x = 14.3 + 1.2; n = 15) Generations/year one, possibly two