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Transcript
Chapter 14 “To Punish or to Forgive” The North and The South after the Civil War Civil War Reminders • Rebels = Confederates/ Southern States who seceded the Union • Union= Northern States • Civil War fought to preserve the Union • General Lee(Confederate) surrendered to General Grant(Union) at Appomattox The South – After the Civil War • 250,000 Southerners died in the war • Burned plantations, broken bridges, twisted railways • The South was a wasteland • The north needed to get the South back into working order (Crops planted, factories built, railroads running, and teachers and students into school) • The North called the Civil War – “The War of the Rebellion” • The South called it – “The War Between the States” • Lincoln had dilemma with what to do with the South • He thought the southern states could still run their own affairs, but that Confederate officials should be barred from office • Most Democrats and some Republicans agreed • Lincoln wanted the Union restored(Malice toward none), the Radical Republicans wanted revenge “Radical Republicans” • Wanted to punish the South • Wanted freed slaves to receive fair treatment • Thought southern states had no right to govern themselves or be represented in Congress • Leaders of the “Radical Republicans” - Thaddeus Stevens – Congressman from PA - Charles Sumner – Senator from Mass-both fought for equal rights for blacks and both were bitter about the Southerners and wanted them punished. Lincoln’s Plan for Reunion • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction • Nickname – The 10% Plan - Lincoln would pardon almost all southerners, even if they fought in the war - They would have to take an oath to support the Constitution - Lincoln would then recognize the state gov’t. - The southern states must abolish slavery - This would be enough if 10% of the voters in the 1860 presidential election took the oath of loyalty Wade- Davis Plan(Radical Republicans Plan) • Many Republicans did not agree with Lincoln-weak • They wanted slower readmission into the Union • Under this plan, 50% of all white men would have to take the oath • There would then be an election for a convention to make a new constitution for each southern state • In order to vote in that election, each delegate had to take an ironclad oath – Promise for future loyalty • They also had to swear that they never held Confederate office or fought in the war (Most honestly couldn’t) • It would have been years before any Southern state could set up a majority government • The whole Civil War generation would have to be dead. • It passed congress, but Lincoln pocket – vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill • Pocket veto – Failure to sign a bill within 10 days of the adjournment of Congress • Not to upset Congress, Lincoln said that states could choose which plan to follow Assassination of Lincoln • April 14, 1865 – Lincoln and his wife attended the play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. • Lincoln was shot by an actor, John Wilkes Booth– He believed slavery was the greatest thing that ever happened to human-kind. – He also blamed Lincoln for the South losing the Civil War • Lincoln became larger through death than life- he became a symbol for freedom. • Andrew Johnson (Lincoln’s VP) became the new President Andrew Johnson • • • • Poor southerner from Tennessee He was a Democrat. Distrusted by republicans. Wanted to follow Lincoln’s Plan but HE would decide when Southern states rejoined • Johnson was unclear with the rules • Southerners had to abolish slavery but created Black Codes *Black Codes • Blacks could not vote • could not marry whites • In some states, Blacks could only be witnesses in cases involving other blacks • Could only work in agriculture or domestic jobs. • Vagrancy laws were enacted • Vagrant – wandering person without a job Freedmen’s Bureau • Led by Thaddeus Stevens • Help war refugees restore southern farms and recently freed blacks • Handed out free meals • Treated many illnesses • Helped freedmen find jobs • Tried to protect freedmen against Black Codes • Built schools to help educate blacks • Johnson vetoed said it gave Congress power over the states. Congress overruled the veto Civil Rights Bill • Protect blacks in the South legally • Allowed federal government to intervene in a state’s affairs to protect rights of all U.S. citizens • Johnson vetoed the bill. He was an old states rights Democrat • Congress overrode the veto Added Amendments • 13th Amendment – Abolished slavery • 14th Amendment – Blacks were made citizens • 15th Amendment – Gave blacks the right to vote Impeachment of Andrew Johnson • Congress and Pres. Johnson were both trying to defeat the other • They passed the Tenure of Office Act - said the President could not dismiss any federal official without the consent of the Senate • Johnson then fired Sec. of War Edwin Stanton • Johnson wanted to test the Tenure of Office Act • The Constitution states that the president could not be removed except “on impeachment of, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” • House of Representatives – Needs majority to vote for impeachment • After impeachment, a trial is held in the Senate • The Senate needs 2/3 of its members to oust the President • May 16, 1868 – 35 Senators voted “guilty,” 19 voted “not guilty” • Johnson survived being removed by 1 vote Election of 1868 • Republican – Ulysses S. Grant • Democrat – Horatio Seymour (Gov. of NY) • Winner – Grant • Grant got 650,000 votes from blacks– He would have lost without them Southern State Conventions • The new governments in the South were made up of: - “Scalawags” – White southerners - “Carpet-baggers” – Northerners who had come to the South for political gain - Blacks • These governments were corrupt • Spending led to higher taxes • People became sick of Radical Republican rule Reconstruction Governments didn’t last long • Radical Republican governments could only stay in power only as long as blacks voted for them • Southern whites decided to make sure blacks did not vote • Ku Klux Klan – Organized by old Confederates in the South - Threatened, beat, and murdered blacks in the South. - Names secret - faces hidden. • Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Acts to prevent hate organizations • Southern state governments (now made up of Confederates again) did little to protect the blacks • Didn’t want them to vote • Set up conditions in order to vote • A voter might have to read from the state or federal constitution and explain what it meant • He might have to be on record as a taxpayer • Many states had “grandfather clause” could vote if had an ancestor who could vote before 1867 • restrictions tried to keep blacks only from voting, but they kept many poor, illiterate whites from voting Election of 1872 • Republican – Ulysses S. Grant • Democrat – Horace Greely • Winner – Grant was easily reelected Scandals During the Grant Admin. • Credit Mobilier Scandal – Railroad scandal - company was paid for work not done • “Salary Grab” – Congress voted for a pay increase for themselves, the Supreme Court, and the President - Grant signed into law day before start of 2nd term • Whiskey Frauds – Whiskey distillers bribed Treasury officials donn’t have to pay whiskey tax Election of 1876 • • • • Republican – Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat – Samuel J. Tilden Winner – Hayes On election day: Tilden – 184 electoral votes (1 less than needed) Hayes had 165 • There were disputed votes • To solve this problem, Congress created the commission of 15 – 5 Representatives, 5 Senators, and 5 Supreme Court Justices to determine which returns should be accepted • The Commission declared Hayes the winner, 185184 Compromise of 1877 • Both houses of Congress had to approve commission’s report • group of Southern Dems met with Hayes’s people to use this crisis to their advantage • An agreement was made • Southerners voted to accept the report. In return, Hayes would grant 4 favors: - The last federal troops will leave the South - At least 1 southerner will get a cabinet position - Hayes would support spending for internal improvements in the South - Hayes would give conservative Democrats part of the local patronage • Patronage – The distribution of government jobs to political supporters The Divided South • Racism • 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court case that approved “separate but equal” facilities for whites and blacks • Rise of Jim Crow laws • Jim Crow laws required the segregation of blacks and whites • These laws undermined early attempts to treat blacks fairly because they provided southern officials with an excuse for keeping blacks in separate, inferior facilities