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CAUSES, PRACTICES AND EFFECTS OF WAR ANALYSIS SHEET ___World War 1____________ Dates of Conflict Countries involved Causes: Long-term Short-term “Spark” Military Battles and Strategies Military technological developments Austrian declaration of war on Serbia-28 July 1914 German agreement to armistice-11 November 1918 Major Players: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, British Empire, France, Germany, Russia, Serbia, United States of America, Italy In reality, though, World War One’s influence was global because so many colonies and territories of larger countries were brought into the fighting. Many countries, such as China, Japan, and smaller South American countries, were introduced to the war in later years. Long Term: While many causes of the war came shortly before the outbreak of the physical fighting, there were also many causes that were long term in bringing about war among the nations. At the forefront of these were militarism, or the building up of a country’s military in order to assert a stronger global presence; Imperialism, or the expansion of a country’s power and influence into smaller and more global territories; Alliances, or the formation of agreements of loyalty to other countries against a common threat or enemy; and Nationalism, or the strong sense of patriotism and pride in one’s country in comparison to other countries. Short Term: There were many causes or war that came about shortly before the physical outbreak of fighting, but there were also many causes that came about shortly after the initial declarations of war that brought many other countries into the fighting. These causes include the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists in 1914, the Austrian ultimatum and eventual declaration of war on Serbia in 1914, Germany’s declaration of war on Russia and France in 1914, Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium in 1914, Britain’s declaration of war on Germany in 1914, and later, America’s declaration of war on Germany in 1917. Spark: Of all the causes of World War 1, The assassination of Franz Ferdinand is the one cause that may be viewed as the “spark” that led to war. Strategies and Tactics: World war 1 brought about many new approaches to war that the world had never seen before. Famous strategies used by generals at the time include the Schlieffen Plan, or Germany’s plan to quickly take out France and then move on to Russia; the French plan 17, or the idea of quickly invading German cities to overtake all of Germany; and the Hindenburg Line, or Germany’s decision to fortify the Western front. Other useful tactics include Trench Warfare, the use of chemicals and gases in battle, heavy artillery and tanks, snipers, and heavy machine guns. Most of these tactics came about due to Trench Warfare. Battles: Some of the more famous battles these tactics were used at include Tannenburg(1914), the Marne(1914), Ypres(1914), the Gallipoli Campaign(1915), Verdun(1916), Somme(1916), Passchendaele(1917), and the German Spring Offensive(1918). Many new technologies were introduced to the battlefield in World war 1 that would change the way war was fought forever. These new technologies include tanks, flamethrowers, poison gas, submarines that could be used in naval warfare, the introduction of aircraft equipped for dogfights in the sky, pillbox machine guns that could be used for long durations without reloading, and aircraft carriers at sea. May of these technologies, such as flamethrowers, tanks, poison gases, and machine guns, were established to combat trench warfare, a strategy of war that meant almost immediate death for anyone who left the trench. Resistance and revolutionary movements Home front: role of women & minorities During the First World war, many leaders and revolutionaries saw the chaos of fighting as a great chance to find an excuse to stir up revolution within their countries. For example, in Russia, Vladimir Lenin promised the Russian people that he would save them from war and be able to rebuild the nation as a stronger power under a socialist economy. Lenin finally gained power within Russia towards the end of the war in 1917. Also, an Arab Revolt sprung up in 1916. Led by Sherif Hussein bin Ali, the goal was to break away from Ottoman Empire control, and create a free Arab state. During, and even after the war, the Armenian Genocide took place as well. The Ottoman Empire, in a very organized fashion, attempted to kill off the Armenian minority in what is today known as the Republic of Turkey. Women took a major step in the wartime effort by accepting traditional roles as nurses and spies, but also contributed greatly in production efforts while the men were off to war. Women worked in war supplies production, roles that were traditionally occupied by men, but were given to women while the male population was off fighting. Women also assisted greatly in the care and rehabilitation of wounded soldiers. The roles of women in the U.S. were not as important as those of World War II, but in European countries, women were key to sustaining the economies of the countries while most men were fighting. Minorities were still mostly segregated during wartime, but their contributions were still vital. Many males joined segregated regiments and battalions to serve in fighting, while the women were able to join the workforce, taking jobs that the white women abandoned in order to fill the roles of the males off at work. Any work at all, though, was a step up from the little work minorities were given before the war. Peace treaty/terms Results: political repercussions, territorial changes social & cultural effects post-war economic problems Historiography: Treaty of Versailles: This treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 between the Allied Powers and Germany. Essentially, this treaty blamed all of the war on Germany, and forced them to pay all reparations for damage to the Allied nations. They were also forced to disarm themselves and concede territory. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye: This treaty was signed between Austria and the Allied powers on September 10, 1919. This treaty prevented Austria from seeking further territorial or political gains without first seeking approval from the League of Nations. Treaty of Trianon: This treaty between Hungary and the Allied Powers took away a devastating amount of territory from Hungary. It was signed on June 2, 1920. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine: This treaty between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers not only cut Bulgarian territory, but also required Bulgaria to pay a large sum of money to the Allied Powers. Short-term Long-term Political and Territorial: After the war, the map of Europe was essentially redrawn. Many countries, such as Germany, Russia, and Austria Hungary lost much of their land, while new nations, such as Poland and Czechoslovakia were created. Social and Cultural: Due to the fact that minorities and women had to step up while the male were off at war, the women and minorities were, for a short time, deemed necessary and equal in society. Nationalism spiked in many countries as well due to the intense fighting. Economic: Many European nations suffered greatly as a result of the damage the war had done. Rebuilding would take a long time, and inflation became a major problem. Because America itself was not greatly influenced from the war, the economy actually began to thrive, especially for the upper class. Political and Territorial: European politics changed forever as a result of WWI. Imperialistic monarchies were overthrown by new republics. The “right to rule” became a throw-away idea. The new superpowers, especially the U.S., came to the forefront of global relations. New organizations, such as the failed League of Nations, were established to facilitate world peace. Social and Cultural: Soon after the war, because of women’s involvement in the economy, they earned the right to vote. Many strides were made in equality for all, and war heroes gained a good name for themselves due to their sacrifice. Economic: European inflation led to a nearly depleted middle class. Germany perhaps suffered the greatest since they were damaged from war, and had to pay reparations. This eventually led to German revolution and uprising, bringing about the Second World War. Author Interpretation 1. Henry Kissinger Kissinger, throughout his discussions regarding World War I, often references the idea of Realpolitik, or literally in Germany, actual politics. This is the concept that diplomacy and politics should be based on legitimate power, rather than ethical compromises and ideological morals. Kissinger critiques the weaknesses present in the European nations at the outbreak of war, and how their own moral and ideological standings prevented any real work in being done to prevent or at least lessen the affects of the war. Stoessinger, in his work Why Nations Go to War, critiques human emotion and reaction to the outbreak of war. Stoessinger seems to understand that in the end, the war was brought about by everyday people and their ignorance to deal with problems that were staring them right in the face. Stoessinger implies that no single man can be blamed for the war because no single man was acting out of innate senses of evil. In fact, the men that we see as responsible for the war were acting out of a fear of losing power in such a power hungry world. Williamson appears to analyze and 3. David Williamson critique the diplomacy among nations leading up to the First World War. Williamson critiques all of the individual alliances, treaties, and relations among nations, and how many of these seemed to fall apart leading up to the outbreak of war. Williamson does not seem to critique any individual person or specific event, but rather looks at the influences that individuals and events had on nations and how relationships changed among nations as a result. Much of the terminology of World War I seems to deal with different systems of government and diplomacy. For example, nationalism, imperialism, and militarism are all often brought up when discussing the war. Nationalism- a strong sense of pride in one’s country Imperialism- the concept of expanding power through taking over smaller global territories Militarism- the building up of a nation’s military to better defend itself against other nations. Many systems of alliances, ententes, and treaties are often brought up when discussing the war and its causes and effects as well. Alliance- a mutual agreement of loyalty among nations Entente- a friendly alliance or understanding between two or more nations Treaty- an agreement made among nations that is put into affect under an international law Many new styles of warfare are also often discussed that were introduced in the First World War. Trench Warfare- a strategy of war in which soldiers would set up base within trenches and wells established in open battlefields Over the Top- the expression for moving out of one’s own trench onto the open battlefield Aviation- the use of aircraft to transport an individual using the skies, and, in terms of war, the use of aircraft as a weapon Chemical Warfare- the uses of chemicals and gases in order to impair or kill enemy soldiers in war 2. John Stoessinger Terminology Characteristic of the war (global, total, etc.), provide definitions.