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Computers: The End User’s Perspective Hardware Software Applications Operating Systems Types of Computers Types of Operating Systems DOS, Windows,… Unix, Linux Other Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum What Is a Computer Definition: A computer is a device which takes data in one form, uses it, and produces a different form of information which is related to (but not the same as) the original data. Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum Basic Concepts of Computers Minimal configurations of a typical computer include: input units output units memory central processing unit Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum Basic Concepts of Computers Computer Hardware The electronics and associated mechanical parts of the computer. Computer Software Consists of instructions that control the hardware and cause the desired process to happen Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum The Many Kinds of Computers General-purpose Computers Were not manufactured to do any one thing. Changeable to do any task. Special-purpose Computers Manufactured to do a predetermined task or set of tasks. Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum The Many Kinds of Computers Digital Computers One that functions in discretely varying quantities. Produces or gives results that are also discretely varying. Analog Computers One that functions in continuously varying quantities. Produces or gives results that are also continuously varying. Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum The General-Purpose Digital Computer The General-Purpose Digital Computer Accepts information of many kinds. Changes it in a way that is controlled by humans. Presents results in a way usable by humans. Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum The Von Neumann Computer and Beyond Microcomputer Input Units Memory CPU (Central Processing Unit) Input Units: Keyboard Floppy disk Hard disk Mouse CD ROM Output Units Output Units: Screen Floppy drive Hard disk Printer Speakers Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum The Von Neumann Computer and Beyond Minicomputer Memory Input Units CPU (Central Processing Unit) Input Units: Several Keyboards Floppy disk(s) Hard disk(s) Several Mice CD ROM(s) Output Units Output Units: Several Screens Floppy drive(s) Hard disk(s) Printer(s) Speakers(s) Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum The Von Neumann Computer and Beyond Mainframe computer Input Units Memory CPU (Central Processing Unit) Input Units: Many Keyboard (Hundreds?) Massive Hard disk Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum Output Units Output Units: Many Screens (Hundreds?) Massive Hard disk Printer(s) The Von Neumann Computer and Beyond Supercomputer Input Units Input Units: Many Keyboard (Hundreds?) Massive Hard disk Memory CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPUs: From many (from 4) To thousands (65,537) Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum Output Units Output Units: Many Screens (Hundreds?) Massive Hard disk Printer(s) What Is an Operating System? The operating system: A collection of programs that help you use the computer. Acts as a smart assistant that moves information around the computer. Allows use of (partial list!) the keyboard the mouse printing to a printer of your choice viewing information on a monitor saving or retrieving files formatting a disk running programs controlling any external device attached to the computer Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum What Is an Operating System? Where does the operating system reside? ROM (Read Only Memory) Contains the skeleton operating system. The skeleton operating system allows use of keyboard and both floppy and hard disk drives. RAM (Random Access Memory) The main part of the operating system is transferred from a secondary memory source, usually a hard disk to RAM. The complete operating system contained in both ROM and RAM controls the computer. Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum What Is an Operating System? Earlier synonyms for the operating system: monitor, supervisor, executive Now, operating systems are referred to by their commercial names: MS-DOS, Windows ‘98, MacOS, OS/2, UNIX, Linux, VMS,… Courtesy of: The Computer Continuum