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AP WORLD HISTORY MAJOR CONFLICTS REVIEW TIME PERIOD PARTICIPANTS CAUSES CONSEQUENCES Persian-Greek Wars Classical Period (500s-400s BCE) Persia and Greek city-states Control of Mediterranean; Power struggle Persia will eventually be weakened to Alexander the Great Period of Warring States Classical Period (end of Zhou Dynasty) Chinese Warlords vs. Zhou Dynasty Weakened Chinese leadership Rise of new philosophies Rise of the Qin Dynasty Peloponnesian Wars Classical Period (431-404 BCE) Athens and Sparta Control of Greek Peninsula Devastation of both Athens and Sparta; leads to decline of strong Greek city-states; gives rise to Alexander the Great Punic Wars Classical Period (264-246 BCE) Roman Republic and Carthage (North Africa) Control of the Mediterranean Sea Carthage loses; Carthaginian peoples enslaved by RR; Rise of Roman Republic as military power; expansion of Rome Battle of Tours Post-Classical Period (732 CE) Charles Martel (Carolingian) vs. invading Arab Muslim forces Expansion of Islam Advances of Muslims into Europe stopped outside of Paris; prevents the rise of Islam in Western and Central Europe The Crusades Post-Classical Period (1095-1272 CE) Western European forces, knights and kings vs. Turkish and Arab forces in Middle East; Byzantine Empire Control of Jerusalem Aid Byzantine Empire in protection against Arab forces 1st Crusade – Christians gain Jerusalem, but will lose it later Increase of trade between ME and WE; Revival of trade in WE Thirty Years’ War Early Modern Period (1618-1648) German princes; Sweden; England; France; Spain; Italy; Austria-Hungary (Catholics vs. Protestants) Protestant Reformation; Ability to choose religious orientation; influence of the Catholic Church Treaty of Westphalia (1648) – gives regional Germanic princes ability to choose religion of their region (Catholic or Protestant); last of the major wars of religion in Europe AP WORLD HISTORY Various 19th Century Revolutions MAJOR CONFLICTS REVIEW Long 19th Century American (17751783) French (1789-1799) Haitian (1791-1804) Latin American (19th Century) Long 19th Century (1799-1815) American colonies, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Caribbean Desire for Independence; Enlightenment Ideals; High Taxation; Treatment of Colonies Independence in all regions US more successful in outcome than Latin America First successful slave revolt (Haiti) Rise of Napoleon (France) France, Spain, Europe, Russia Desire to create French empire among the continent of Europe Opium Wars Long 19th Century (1839-1850s) China, England Sale of Opium; Economic control of Chinese port cities Napoleon faces great defeats in Russia, and later at the hands of an alliance of European powers (Led by GB); Fall of Napoleon Congress of Vienna (1815) – balance of power Treaty of Nanking (1842) – Hong Kong a colony of England; England gains control of some port cities Extraterritoriality Increasing resentment of outsiders in China Taiping Rebellion Long 19th Century (1850-1864) Various Chinese groups Desire of Hong Xiuquan to create a utopian society; fear of outsiders High death toll; required assistance from British to help end rebellion Crimean War Long 19th Century (1853-1856) England, France, Ottoman Empire, Russia Russia attacks Ottoman Empire to gain control of ports on Black Sea; England and France want to weaken Russia Russia loses war; demonstrates Russian weaknesses; leads to mid-19th century reforms including industrialization and eventually emancipation of the serfs (1861) Napoleonic Wars AP WORLD HISTORY MAJOR CONFLICTS REVIEW Sepoy Rebellion Long 19th Century (1857) British, Indian forces Rejection of British military and political presence in India; animal fat on artillery shells Rejection of Manchu leadership and presence of foreign powers; Goal: “Regain China for the Chinese” Conflict over Cuban independence Indian forces lose; Britain gains full control of India Boxer Rebellion Long 19th Century (1900) Boxers vs. Qing Dynasty Spanish-American War Long 19th Century (1898) Spain, United States Boer War Long 19th Century ((1899-1902) Dutch settlers (Boers), English forces, African tribes Control of South Africa Boers gain dominance over native South Africans BUT Union of South Africa created and controlled by Great Britain Sino-Japanese War Contemporary World (1895) China, Japan, Korea Control over Korea Japan annexes Korea in 1910 Russo-Japanese War Contemporary World (1904-1905) Russia, Japan Control of parts of Eastern Asia Japan defeats Russia; rise of Japanese aggression and imperialism; brief reforms in Russia that are relative failures; Russian Revolution of 1905; increasing dissent in Russia Unsuccessful; required assistance from outside groups (WE, Russia, US); further weakened Qing Dynasty US Defeats Spain; US gains control of Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam AP WORLD HISTORY MAJOR CONFLICTS REVIEW Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912 Contemporary World (1911-1912) Nationalists, Qing Dynasty, Chinese Warlords Rising inefficiency of Qing Dynasty; fear of outside leadership World War I Contemporary World (1914-1918) Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Russia, North and East Africa, Middle East, India, East Asia, United States Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination Russian Revolution Contemporary World (1917) Imperial Family (Romanovs) vs. Communists (Red Army – Lenin) vs. Nationalists (White Army – Alexander Kerensky) Poor leadership Increasing poverty Rise of Communism Economic inequalities World War I Mexican Revolution Contemporary World (1911-1920) Various groups in Mexico; creole elites, lower classes, middle-class, military, Pancho Villa; Zapata World War II Contemporary World (1939-1945) Europe, Russia, North Africa, Middle East, Japan, Pacific Islands, Australia, India, United States Opposition to autocracy under Porfirio Diaz; economic inequalities MAIN; Treaty of Versailles; Japanese Aggression; New ideologies; Appeasement End of last Chinese Dynasty; creation of a 30+ year civil war between warlords, Nationalists, and Communists; eventual creation of the People’s Republic of China (1949) Treaty of Versailles (1919) Rise of totalitarian dictators Russian Revolution of 1917 Decolonization Dismantling of German, AustroHungarian, and Ottoman Empires Creation of Modern Turkey Middle East as Mandate States World War II End of royal family in Russia Rise of Communism Establishment of Soviet Union Mexican Constitution of 1917 Creation and long-term dominance of Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) High Death Toll Holocaust Creation of East and West Germany Cold War Creation of United Nations Development of Nuclear Weapons AP WORLD HISTORY MAJOR CONFLICTS REVIEW Korean War Contemporary World (1950-1953) North Korea, South Korea, China, Soviet Union, United States, United Nations forces Vietnam War Contemporary World (1945-1975) Vietnam (North – Communist; South – Democratic); France; United States; Soviet Union; Laos; Cambodia Cuban Revolution Contemporary World (1959) Military dictator in Cuba Fidel Castro Che Guevara United States Iranian Revolution Contemporary World (1979) Government of Shah Reza Pahlavi; Islamic Fundamentalists (led by Ayatollah Khomeini) Decolonization; removal of Japanese influence; Cold War Politics; Communism; Containment (US) Decolonization Independence from France Cold War Politics (Containment; Domino Theory) Resistance to strong, dictatorial rule Communism (to some extent) Rejection of authoritarian leadership; rise of Islamic fundamentalist groups Very high death toll No formal end to war Creation of North (Communist) and South (Democratic) Korea High Death Toll Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia all communist countries Rise of Fidel Castro Cuba as communist country Integration into Cold War Politics Cuban Missile Crisis; Bay of Pigs US Embargo on Cuba Creation of Islamic Republic in Iran; rejection of Western cultures; institution of Shari’a law