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Dr.Eman ------------- --------------------Articulation of pelvic limb ---------------------------------First Stage --1 Articulations of pelvic limb: 1-Sacroilliac joint: Type: synovial joint Articular surfaces: auricular surface of sacrum with identical surface on the wing of the ilium. These surface are rough in adult animals because of the present of processes and eminences, they are covered with thin layer of cartilage. Joint capsule: it is very narrow. Attached around the margins of the articular surfaces. Joint cavity: appear as cleft and crossed by fibrous bands, the joint capsule surrounded by ventral sacroiliac ligament (dorsal and ventral parts), incorporated into fibrous component of joint. Ligaments of the pelvic girdle: a-dorsal sacroiliac: this is strong ligament consists of two parts , one of them appears as band attached to the sacral tuberosity and summit of the sacral spine ,and the other is triangular , thick sheet attached cranially to the sacral tuberosity and the medial border of the ilium, it is blended ventrally with broad sacrotuberal ligament. b- broad sacrotuberal ligament or sacrosciatic: forms quadri broad sheet(lateral) which complete the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity , leaving greater and lesser ischiatic foramina over respective ischiatic notches. c-the ilio- lumber ligament: this is triangular sheet attached to the ends of the lumber transverse processes to the ventral surface of the ilium. Movement: there is no movement in adult animals and the joint function is stability and not mobility. 2-Pelvic Symphysis: this is formed by junction of the os coax with its fellow of the opposite side at the ventral median line, in young animals, the bone united by lamina of fibrocartilagena intercoxalis which replace by bone in adult animals. Movement: the is no movement. 3-Coxofemoral (hip) joint Type: is ball and socket, simple synovial joint Articular surfaces: acetabulum cavity with head of femur Dr.Eman ------------- --------------------Articulation of pelvic limb ---------------------------------First Stage --2 Joint capsule: it is ample attached around the margins of acetabulum and neck of the femur, it is thick laterally. Can be accessed deep between cranial and caudal parts of greater femoral trochanter. Ligaments of hip joint: a) Cotyloid ligament: fibrocartilaginous extends round rim of acetabulum to deepen and stabilize joint. b) Accessory (femoropubic) ligament: unique to Equidae. A detachment of prepubic tendon enters hip joint via acetabular notch and inserts on head of femur, markedly restricting abduction of hind limb. c) Ligament of femoral head (round ligament): short and stout, which extend from acetabulum to the head of femur (captiulum fovea) cranially to the accessory ligament. d) Transverse acetabular ligament: completes acetabulum across acetabular notch, and holds accessory ligament in place. Movement: this joint able to do several movements and especially the flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation and circumduction. 4-Stifle joint or genual or knee in human: Type: hinge, compound synovial joint. It consists of two joints which are: a) Femoropatellar joint: accessible caudal to lateral collateral ligament. Communicates with femorotibial joint Articular surface: trochlea (two oblique ridges with deep groove cranially to distal end) of femur and articular surface of the patella. Joint capsule: it is thin, wide attached around the margins of the articular surfaces of the patella, but on the femur the line of attachment is at the different distance from the articular surfaces. Ligaments: 1- Medial and lateral Femoropatellar ligaments 2-patellar ligaments: these are three ligaments connect the patella with tuberosity of the tibia: a- lateral patellar ligament: this connects lateral part of patella with lateral part of the tibial tuberosity. B-middle ligament: extended from the cranial face of patella to the distal part of the tibial tuberosity. Dr.Eman ------------- --------------------Articulation of pelvic limb ---------------------------------First Stage --3 c- Medial ligament: this connect medial part of the tibial tuberosity, (which is weaker ligament), with cartilage called parapatellar cartilage. b) Femorotibial joints. Articular surfaces: two condyle (convex surfaces caudally to distal end) of femur and proximal end of tibia) two saddle shape condyle. These surfaces are not identical; there fore, there are medial and lateral articular menisci (these are a crescent plates of fibrocartilage, which produce congruence in the articular surfaces).they has two surface, (concave femoral surface it is adapted to the condyles of the femur and tibial surface) Joint capsule: this ample attached to the margins of the tibial articular surface. It is weaker cranially (only synovial membrane) but strong caudally by the caudal lgament, the joint have two synovial sacs (medial and lateral, each sac divided into proximal and distal part by the menisci Ligaments: a-medial and lateral collateral ligaments b-cruciate ligaments (anterior & posterior ) ,these are strong ligament , rounded and found on the intercondylar fossa of the femur , they are connected together and called posterior and anterior according to the attachments to the tibia. Movements: flexion, extension with gliding movement of patella. 5-Tibiofibular joint: Articular surfaces: head of the fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Joint capsule: it is strong and closed *The shaft of the tibia attached to the lateral border of the tibia and they uniting by the interosseous ligament, the distal end of the fibula fused with tibia and there are no movements in this joint. 6-Tarsal (hock) joint Type: Compound synovial joint, consisting of four levels: a) Tibiotarsal (talocrural/tarsocrural) formed by the trochlea of the talus and corresponding surface of the distal end of the tibia. b) Proximal intertarsal joints: between calcaneus, talus and central tarsal bone c) Distal intertarsal joint: between central tarsal bone with distal row of tarsal bone (fused1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) Dr.Eman ------------- --------------------Articulation of pelvic limb ---------------------------------First Stage --4 d) tarsometatarsal joint: between distal row of tarsal and metatarsal bone Tibiotarsal joint forms weight-bearing articulation, calcaneus forms lever for muscle attachment. All movement is at tibiotarsal joint, very little at intertarsal or tarsometatarsal joints. Fibrous joint capsule extends from tibia to metatarsus, attached to tarsal bones in places, free at others. Tibiotarsal and proximal intertarsal joints share a synovial compartment, others separate. Note: The tibiotarsal joint is accessible for aspiration dorsomedially. Inflammation of the hock joint is known as spavin. Chronic distension of the tibiotarsal joint is referred to as bog spavin. Bony changes are referred to as bone spavin. Ligaments of hock joint a) Collateral ligaments intact, extending from tibia to metatarsus. b) Long plantar ligament runs from calcaneus to proximal metatarsus. c) Plantar annular ligament (retinaculum): forms outer wall of tarsal canal by running from to medial border of talus, enclosing deep digital flexor tendon in plantar groove, en route to distal limb.