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YSP Power Electronics Overview Prof. Daniel Costinett June 10, 2014 Voltage Levels 1V 10V 100V 10kV 1MV The War of the Currents DC + Low-loss transmission + Asynchronous + Used by electronics, batteries, PV + 2-wire transmission ° Can kill an elephant ‒ Difficult to control power flow ‒ Requires power electronics for voltage conversion AC + Simple control of power flow + Zero-crossings + Easy to step convert voltage + Used by motors, generators, heaters ° Can kill an elephant ‒ Increased losses in transmission ‒ Requires synchronization ‒ 3-wire transmission Introduction to Power Conversion Example Server Power Distribution 3Φ 3Φ 16kVac 400Vac 3Φ 400Vac 380Vdc 48Vdc 12Vdc A High Efficiency Converter US Energy Usage Power Loss in an Ideal Switch Load Buck Converter: Basic SMPS Operation Ts 5-9 Low-Pass Filter Vs Vs Vg 0 5-10 0 1 D Load Buck Converter: Basic SMPS Operation Implementation of Power Electronics SPDT Switch 5-11 Low-Pass Filter Low-Pass Filter Load Interfacing AC 1 fs Vdc 2 Vdc 2 vao 0 0 0.002 0.004 5-12 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 Control System for Voltage Regulation Switch Implementation Realization of switch requires consideration of: • Magnitude and polarity of current and voltage • Frequency of switching actions • Operating temperature • Cost • Control circuitry SMPS Topologies Power Electronics Overview Design of Power Electronics J.W. Kolar et al, “Extreme efficiency power electronics,” IEEE CIPS 2012 Rectifier Systems Inverter Systems • To meet the demands of future applications, power electronics need to be designed with multi-objective tradeoffs and multi-function operation in mind • Two example applications in Evs: • Drivetrain DC-DC converter • Battery management system Applications of Power Electronics Grid Applications of Power Electronics AC SST Photovoltaic Wind STATCOM Energy Storage HVDC Wind Power $63.5B Industry 2009 with 25% AAGR last 5 years Airborne Wind Turbines Kolar, J.W.; et al. "Conceptualization and multi-objective optimization of the electric system of an Airborne Wind Turbine," Solar Photovoltaic Earth Orbiting Spacecraft Future EVs EV Power and Drive System Example: 2010 Prius Power electronics (2 inverters and a boost DC‐DC) HEV drive train ICE vs. Electric Motor Conventional Vs. Electric Vehicle Tank + Internal Combustion Engine Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery + Inverter + AC machine Regenerative braking NO YES Tank‐to‐wheel efficiency 20% 85% Energy storage Refueling Cost CO2 emissions (tailpipe, total) 1.2 kWh/mile, 28 mpg Gasoline energy content 12.3 kWh/kg, 36.4 kWh/gallon 5 gallons/minute 11 MW, 140 miles/minute 0.17 kWh/mile, 200 mpg equiv. LiFePO4 battery 0.1 kWh/kg, 0.8 kWh/gallon Level I (120Vac): 1.5 kW, <8 miles/hour Level II (240Vac): 6 kW, <32 miles/hour Level III (DC): 100 kW, <9 miles/minute 12 ¢/mile [$3.50/gallon] 2 ¢/mile [$0.12/kWh] 300, 350) g CO2/mile (0, 120) g CO2/mile [current U.S. electricity mix] (Prius-sized vehicle example) A Vision: Renewable Sources + Battery Electric Vehicles • Zero GHG emissions, no petroleum • High efficiencies are feasible: 80% grid-to-wheel • Challenges • • • • Battery technology: cost, cycle life, power and energy density Efficient, reliably and cost-effective drivetrain components Need for charging infrastructure Limited charging power, long charge-up times Future Applications: Hyperloop Proposed Power Conversion Architecture Power management in mobile electronics Battery example: single-cell Lithium-Ion Power distribution: Vbat = 2.7-4.5 V PS PS 3.6 V Charger PS 2.5 V Display PS Battery Audio PS mP/DSP core I/O 2.7-4.5 V Interface 0.5Vbat 1V Baseband digital D/A PA LO LNA A/D Analog/RF 2.5 V PS Antenna 2.5 V PS 2.5 V PS • Major power consumers: baseband digital, display, multiple radio channels • Power supply demands: small footprint area & integration, high efficiency over wide range of loads, power management interface IPhone 5 Internal Circuitry RFPA, LNA Power Mgmt IC Power Semiconductors, Inductors 5-33 Lighting Technologies HID Lighting Ballast Energy Harvesting Goal – Enable long life, low maintenance, wireless operation and miniaturization where not possible before Application – medical & military devices, structural & industrial monitoring, ubiquitous remote devices; Power range: 1 μW – 1 mW Power Management Power Monitoring and Control Energy Transducer DC-DC AC-DC DC-DC DC-DC Energy Storage Sensor Load Implantable Biomedical Sensor Integrated Energy Harvesting Integrated Sensor Electronics ~40 mm • RF energy harvesting used as an enabling technology for long lifetime, low power, high data throughput implantable devices ~15 mm System is powered entirely from commercial 2.4 GHz WiFi Adapter Pincident Pin 2 (µW/cm Power ) (µW) 1.29 1.74 MOSFET 0.89 Vin (mV) Rem (Ω) Pout (µW) ηboost (%) 20.90 489 0.16 18.05 489 0.52 35.13 HF Oscillator 1.48 26.85 LF Oscillator 2.51 2.73 36.45 488 1.29 47.36 3.55 4.80 48.40 487 2.57 53.58 6.92 13.51 81.60 493 8.81 65.16 12.9 33.54 132.4 523 23.86 71.14 24.6 80.13 Digital 202.7 Decoders 513 60.66 75.70 41.6 156.3 283.9 123.6 79.06 Current Source 516 Power Electronics Applications 1μW RF Energy Harvesting 1W Laptop Power Supply 1 kW Drivetrain Power Electronics 1 MW Future EVs