Download Bucks County Technical High School Name: Mr. Johnston Social

Bucks County Technical High School
Mr. Johnston
Social Studies – MAMH 12
Name:_____________________________
June 6th, 1944, D-Day - Operation Overlord Guided Notes
Topics overview
1. The planning phase and build-up
a. Operation ____________________________ and Bodyguard – The Deception Plan for Overlord
b. Operation ____________________________ – The Amphibious Invasion of Normandy
c. Operation ____________________________ – The overall Operational Name for the Battle of Normandy
d. The ___________________ _____ – Hitler’s massive system of __________________________________
___________________________ of Western Europe
2. D-Day, the securing of the beachhead and the break-out from Normandy
The planning phase
• Planning and preparations for a ‘________________________’ against Nazi Germany______________________
__________________________________________
• Pressure from Allied partner _______________________________________________ to open a ‘second front’
against German from in 1942 and 43 was __________________________________________________ until 1944.
• The Allies knew they would have to ____________________________________________ of the invasion of
France.
• A ‘_______________________________ ’ took place in 1942 when a British-Canadian raid on the ____________
________________________________ was carried out.
– The aim was to ______________________________________ for a short period to test German defences.
– The raid was a ___________________________ : of the _______________ men who made it ashore,
_______________ were killed.
Lessons learned from Dieppe
• The Dieppe raid had a ________________________________________________________________ for D-Day.
• The need for ________________________________________________________________________________
before any invasion became a priority.
• The _______________________________________________ to an invasion until they had ensured the following:
– ____________________________________ was assembled
– ____________________________________ over the invasion zone
– ____________________________________ the beach defences
• The Americans __________________________________ from the USSR to launch a second front in 1943.
• The American troop build-up in Britain continued rapidly in 1943-44, as did the intensity of air raids on Germany.
Air Campaign in preparation for D-Day
• The British and Americans began bombing targets in occupied France in preparation for D-Day.
• The ______________________________________ came under continuous attack.
• Raids were ____________________________ in the Calais region ___________________________________ in
to believing that was the intending invasion area.
• The _______________________________________________ , but less heavily.
• The German Luftwaffe (Air Force) was also ______________________________________ to ensure Allied Air
Superiority for the upcoming invasion.
Operation Fortitude/Bodyguard: A Rubber Army and Deception plan
• The Allies began a _____________________________________________ to conceal the intended landing zone.
• A massive build-up of _________________________________________________________________________
was concentrated in Kent (across from the French Port City of Pas-de-Calais) to fool the Germans in to thinking
Calais was the intended target.
• A ______________________________________ of espionage, counter espionage (capturing or killing enemy
spies), spies and double agents to _______________________________________________________________.
Operation Fortitude/Bodyguard: A Rubber Army
• The Allies _________________________________________ which, seen from a German reconnaissance aircraft,
are believed to be real units. (In fact NO German reconnaissance planes flew over England in 1944)
• The south-east landscape of England sees a large amount of ___________________________________________
________________________ with painted marks of the 3rd Army ______________________________________
General Patton.
• In Harbors in the region of Dover, __________________________________ and cargoes take place.
Fortitude/Bodyguard - fake radio signals
• _____________________________________ of ‘fake’ wireless messages were transmitted relating to possible
_______________________________________________ region in the hope the Germans would believe them.
Fortitude/Bodyguard – General George S. Patton
• ____________________________ was used in the ‘Fortitude/Bodyguard’ deception plan by being placed in
command of _____________________ (fake) ‘____________________________________’ (FUSAG) located in
Southeastern England, directly across from Pas-de-Calais.
• Fake Radio Messages, the Inflatable Army, and General Patton being reported in the English ___________
__________________________________________ helped ______________________________________
that Patton was the master mind behind the future invasion plans.
• The German High Command ______________________________________ any cross channel invasion would be
led by Patton.
Fortitude/Bodyguard: War of Intelligence - Agent ‘Garbo’
 The British Secret Service (SIS) managed ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
 “___________________________ ” (Juan Pujol Garcia) passed ______________________________ to the
Germans leading them to believe _________________________________________________________________
region of France.
 Normandy was the best kept secret of the war.
Fortitude/Bodyguard: Operation Double Cross
• The Allied Intelligence network ____________________________________________________________ prior to
the preparation stages of Operation Overlord from 1943 to 1944.
• The British, with the help of “Garbo”, were able to ___________________________________________________
________________________ (to become double agents ______________________________________________)
with the British Intelligence network. If a ____________________________________________ with the British,
they would ________________________________________.
• The British executed 13 German Spies during WWII but had ‘turned’ over triple that as “Double Agents”.
Fortitude/Bodyguard: Operation Double Cross - Success!!!!
• ______________________________________ was focused on convincing the Germans that the “true” invasion
would be ______________________________________________. As history now shows, the operations was
_________________________________________!!! !
• By carrying out this feat, Double Cross _____________________________________________________________
who would have otherwise perished on the beaches.
• In fact, it was so convincing that when the Allied troops finally landed at Normandy, the _____________________
________________________________, thinking that Normandy was just a ________________________ . The
German High Command held _________________________ in reserve near Pas de Calais ___________________
_______________________________!!!!
• And the _________________________________________________ were told via radio from Germany that they
had just been _______________________________________ (the German Medal of Honor) for services rendered.
Normandy Beach Code Names
On D-Day, the Allies would assault FIVE (5)
Beaches….
• ___________________ Beaches:
– would land at
____________________ and
_____________________ beaches
• __________________ Beaches:
– would land at __________________
and ______________________
beaches,
• _________________ Beach:
– land at ____________________
beach.
Crossword Panic in May 1944
• Some members of MI5, Britain’s counter-espionage service, were relaxing their spare moments in May 1944 by
doing the Telegraph Newspaper Crossword, they _____________________________________ that had been
adopted to hide the mightiest sea-borne assault of all time, appeared in the crossword. The words were…
____________________ – code word of the overall naval operation
____________________________________ – the code words of the American Beaches
____________________ – the code word for the artificial harbor
____________________ – the code word for the Overall Operation!
• __________________________________ throughout MI5 and Allied Supreme Command …was the crossword
being used to _________________________________________________?
• The British investigated the author of the crossword puzzles and found it was an __________________________
_______________________________ right before the invasion.
Fortitude/Bodyguard: French Resistance Fighters
• The __________________________________ (Maquis) assisted the preparations for D Day by _______________
_________________________________ and causing other ___________________________________ to the
telegraph and telephone system.
• Such acts brought ____________________________ from the Germans on the local populations. ____________
_________________________ and many more suffered.
• On the night of the invasion, June 5th 1944, the Marquis conducted ________________________________ the
Germans, Railroads, Bridges, and assisted _____________________________________ (paratroopers that land
before the airborne assault)
Fortitude/Bodyguard: The False Invasion
• On the night of the invasion, Allied planners _________________________________________________________
where the invasion would happen.
• On that same night, two RAF squadrons in Operation Taxable and Operation Glimmer _______________________
________________________________________________ for Pas de Calais.
• This was achieved by the _________________________________________________________________ ,
strips of ________________________________ . The foil caused a radar return mistakenly interpreted by
German radar operators as a fleet of ______________________________________________ .
 The last part of the deception occurred on the night before the invasion: a small group of SAS operators deployed
______________________________________________________________ in Normandy.
• These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne assault had occurred; this
_______________________________________________________________________________.
What was the Atlantic Wall?
• The German Atlantic Wall, one of the l_____________________________________________________. It was
built by the German occupation forces in the period 1941-1944 along the coasts of ________________________
________________________________________________. The main goal was to prevent allied landings on the
shores of these countries.
• During this period a total of _____________ heavy, concrete bunkers were built. An amount that is impressive by
the quantity, cost and involved labor.
Atlantic Wall 1942-1944
 From _________________________________________ the Germans built up a defensive line against the
expected invasion.
 __________________________________________ were put to work to construct elaborate defences.
 The line was by no means complete or evenly spread by the time of D Day.
The Atlantic Wall
• Despite all Allied efforts, the Germans obviously expected an Allied invasion somewhere in France.
• Hitler appointed two of his ablest Generals, Gerd ____________________________ and Erwin ________________
to take charge of strengthening the French coastline from attack.
Beach Defensive: Log Ramps
 Log Ramps were ______________________________________________ often with Anti-Tank mines strapped on
top facing towards the sea.
Beach Defensive: Belgian “WAFFLES” Gates
 Belgian Gates beach defenses were designed to ______________________________________________________
_________________________through. The path through the gates were _________________________________
__________________________________________________. __________________________________________
the Belgian Gates since they would simply dig in the ground and stop the tank.
Airborne Assault – The Night Assault Begins
The Airborne Landings
In preparation for the invasion of Normandy, there were a total of 4 ready airborne divisions in England during the Spring
of 1944:
 U.S. ________________________________
 U.S. ________________________________
 British 6th (Red Devils)
 British 1st (Red Devils)
Main mission was to ________________________________________________________ to come ashore…
 _______________________________________________ of German ______________________________.
 ______________________________________ where the enemy was likely to _____________________________,
 and to _______________________________________________ were expected to go immediately on the
offensive.
82nd's Mission “All American”
The US 82nd Airborne Division's mission was to…
 _____________________________________ of the invasion in the Cotentin peninsula.
 to accomplish this by _______________________________________________________
 and by securing the Merderet River by occupying both sides.
It also had the mission to…
 _________________________________________________ from the German garrison stationed there.
 The capture of Ste. Mere-Eglise was important because _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
The 101st “Screaming Eagles” Airborne Division
The US 101st Airborne Division's mission was to…
 ____________________________________________________ across the marshland near the coast for the
invading US 4th Infantry Division at Utah beach.
 These causeways _________________________________________ because on each side of the exits, it was
_________________________________________________ in places.
The 101st also were tasked to…
 __________________________________________________ over the Douve and to capture the La Barquette lock
just north of Carentan.
 The ____________________________________________________ areas and it was essential that it be captured.
6th's Mission
The British 6th Airborne Division was to land Northeast of Caen and
 _____________________________________________ of the invasion force
 by __________________________________ over the Orne Canal and River.
The left flank of the invasion force was much more vulnerable to
 ____________________________________ since the 21st Panzer was stationed just outside of Caen and the 12th
SS Panzer miles to the east.
 if the Panzer Divisions were not stopped by the British 6th, ____________________________________________.
THE PATHFINDERS
Before the combat jump of nearly 13,000 men, the drop zones needed to be marked for the pilots of the C-47s troop
transports. Enter the “Pathfinder”.
 Pathfinders were ________________________________________ who would drop into enemy territory _______
__________________________________ for the C-47 Pilots with short range radio direction finders and powerful
lanterns.
Unfortunately the Pathfinders were _________________________________ from the get go…
 Some Pathfinders were __________________________________.
 Others had ___________________________________________ either breaking down or too short range to
contact the planes.
 While others could ____________________________________ because the ____________________________
were very close to their positions.
Airborne Scattered Drops - “Sticks to the Wind”
Despite precise planning and preparation, the Airborne drops went terribly wrong…….
 The Airborne Combat Drop was _________________________ the planned Normandy area/Cotentin Peninsula.
 The ______________________________________________________ caused _____________________________
for the C-47 pilots which led to paratroopers spread all over Normandy.
 _________________________________________ forced the C-47’s to ___________________________________
which forced them of course.
Airborne Scattered Drops - “Sticks to the Wind”
Despite precise planning and preparation, the Airborne drops went terribly wrong…….
 Many C-47’s dropped their troops well ___________________________________ the planned 700 feet and in
__________________________________________________.
 Paratroopers ____________________________ were easy targets for ___________________________________.
 Paratroopers dropped ____________________ were lucky not to be ____________________________________.
 Many paratroopers had their __________________________________________________ from them in the high
speed and turbulence created by their C-47’s evasive maneuvers.
Airborne Scattered Drops - “Sticks to the Wind”
Despite precise planning and preparation, the Airborne drops went terribly wrong…….
 The Pathfinders were only partially successful in marking drop zones. ____________________________________.
 Many paratroopers landed in the ____________________________ of 2-3 feet deep of water. ________________
in those fields because the paratroopers _____________________________________________________.
 The ____________________________________________________________. They simply jumped into the skies
over Normandy.
Airborne Scattered Drops - “Sticks to the Wind”
Despite precise planning and preparation, the Airborne drops went terribly wrong or did it?
 The Airborne Combat Drop was __________________________ the Normandy area of the Cotentin Peninsula.
 The scattered paratroopers from the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions _________________________________ for
the German High Command because they had reports of enemies everywhere.
Airborne Scattered Drops - “Sticks to the Wind”
Despite precise planning and preparation, the Airborne drops went terribly wrong or did it?
 The Americans were everywhere, hitting the Germans from every direction, _______________________________
___________________________________________________.
 Since the Germans could not fix (lockdown) a major formation of paratroopers, the _________________________
__________________________________________________.
 Ultimately, the fact the paratroopers were scattered all over Normandy saved thousands of lives. ______________
____________________________________________________________
BREACHING THE “WALL”
Overcoming Hitler’s Atlantic Wall Defenses & the tools of the trade: Hobart’s Funnies
Lessons learned from Dieppe
After the tragic failed amphibious raid at Dieppe in 1942, the D-Day planners realized they need…
• Specialized ______________________________
• Specialized _______________________________________________________
• Specialized ______________________________
• Need for a ____________________________________ but since that was initially impossible, build your own
Harbor… or three!
Hobart's Funnies
• ‘Hobart’s Funnies’ was the brainchild of British Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke who foresaw the ________________
_____________________ that would help storming the French coastal defenses in the future cross Channel
invasion.
– _________________________________________ and the 79th Armored Division’s Combat Engineers
were tasked by Brooke to invent the ____________________________________.
– MG Hobart’s team created many designs of the first Combat Engineering Vehicles that would be of
considerable help _______________________________________________________________________.
– The tanks used for the Hobart’s Funnies were the _____________________________________________.
–
Hobart's Funnies
Churchill Crocodile
 A ____________________________________ to destroy German ____________________________________.
Hobart's Funnies
 ____________________________________ equipped with _________________________________, a rotating
cylinder of weighted chains that exploded mines in the path of the tank or tear barbed wire apart.
Hobart's Funnies
 Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) Swimming Tank design to _____________________________________ Landing Craft
ashore. The DD’s were ______________________ destroy pillboxes and engage any German Armor that maybe
present.
AVRE/Mat/Carpet Laying Tank
The Armored Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) was a product of lessons learned directly from the beaches of Dieppe. The
issue of the beach composition at the planned British assault beaches and their lack of traffic ability for tanks and wheeled
vehicles caused the _____________________________________________________________.
ARC (Armored Ramp Carrier) and the SBG (Small Box Girder)
Used to _________________________________________________________________________________.
Fascine Carrier
Another way of beating the ___________________________________________________, the Fascine carrier. A bundle of
branches dropped in a hole or tank trap, then driven over.
Assault Landing Craft
 Higgins Boats – LCVP
 Capacity: 28-36 troops, 6,000 lb vehicle or 8,100 lb general cargo
 DUKW pronounced “DUCK” DUKW is an Army model designation:
 D = designed in 1942, U = utility vehicle, K = all-wheel drive, W = two powered rear axles
 Essentially a 2-1/2 ton truck (“Duce and a Half’), it’s truck body removed, with a boat hull and a propeller.
BRILLANT!
 Supplies have would be loaded on a Higgins Boat, then unloaded at the shoreline, then loaded onboard a
2 ½ ton truck and driven to troops.
 Now supplies can be loaded on a DUKW and be sailed to the beach, no need to be unloaded, and driven
directly to the troops.
 LST - Landing Ship Tank
Higgins Boat – LCVP – Landing Craft Vehicle/Personnel
DUKW pronounced “DUCK”
DUKW is an Army model designation:
D = designed in 1942
U = utility vehicle
K = all-wheel drive
W = two powered rear axles
DUKW pronounced “DUCK”
Essentially a 2-1/2 ton truck (“Duce and a Half’), it’s truck body removed, with a boat hull and a propeller. BRILLANT!
Supplies have would be loaded on a Higgins Boat, then unloaded at the shoreline, then loaded onboard a 2 ½ ton truck
and driven to troops.
Now supplies can be loaded on a DUKW and be sailed to the beach, no need to be unloaded, and driven directly to the
troops.
The SUCCESS of OVERLORD HINGED on the NEED for a NAVAL PORT!
And the GERMANS CONTROLLED ALL THE PORTS and they had…
• fortified,
• mined,
• and ready to blown to bits the Ports.
•
When you NEED a NAVAL PORT to unload…
• your soldiers,
• thousands of combat vehicles,
• tons of ammunition,
• and war materials
Operation MULBERRY
Alternative to Capturing a Port… Build One!
Operation Mulberry
 Mulberry harbors were __________________________________________
 developed by the British during World War II
 ______________________________________________________________ during the Allied invasion of
Normandy in June 1944.
 After the Allies successfully held beachheads following D-Day, __________________________________________
were taken in sections across the English Channel
 Assembled off _________________________________________________________________________________