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Molecules and Functional Groups Douglas Burks BIO231: Introduction to Cell Wilmington College • Biological molecules based on carbon – four bonds – middle range electronegativity • forms bonds with many different elements • forms bonds easily with self enabling large molecules to form BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Carbon – functional groups are the groups that attach to carbon Fall 201 • oxygen • nitrogen • sulfur • Polar – – – – – – C-O-H C= O N-H C-P P-O-H P=O • Non polar – – – – – C-C C=C C-N C-H C-S BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Polar vs nonpolar bonds Fall 201 • Give characteristics to molecules • Oxygen based BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional Groups – Hydroxyl • polar – forms hydrogen bonds. • acidic – forms ion – salt bridges Fall 201 – Carboxyl group • Ether – polar group BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional Groups – Ester group • polar Fall 201 • Carbonyl group – polar – double bonded oxygen BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional groups • terminal carbon – aldehyde • internal carbon – ketone Fall 201 • Nitrogen based functional groups – amino (amine) BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional Groups • nitrogen and hydrogen • polar • amino acids – imino group – carbon to nitrogen Fall 201 • double bond • Sulfur based – thiol group BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional groups • nonpolar – disulfide bridge • forms between two thiol groups Fall 201 • Phosphate – phosphorus – oxygen – inonizable BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional groups Fall 201 • Hydrocarbon – nonpolar – methyl group BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional groups • one carbon – acetyl group • two carbons Fall 201 • Cyclic – phenyl BIO231: Introduction to Cell Biology Functional groups • nonpolar – phenol • OH group Fall 201
