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02/27/2017 IEC BEGINNER Grammar & Usage Forming plural nouns In order to change a singular noun to its plural form in English, you usually add "s". For example, the plural of book is books. The plural of table is tables. These are regular plural forms. But there are many nouns which don't follow this rule. For example, the plural of tooth is teeth. The plural of man is men. These are irregular plural, forms. I- Regular plurals: Forms a. Noun +s Examples: Girl Boy Window Girls Boys Windows b. A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es. Examples: Bus Wish Box Pitch Buses Wishes Boxes Pitches c. A singular noun ending in y makes the plural by adding-ies. Examples: Baby Penny City Babies Pennies Cities d. A singular noun ending in o makes the plural by adding-es Examples: Patato Hero Tomato Patatoes heroes Tomatoes 1 II- Irregular plurals: Several nouns have irregular plural forms. Examples: Child Man Woman Children Men Women Present progressive or present continuous The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking Form: Subject + be + verb + ing Subject Affirmative Negative Interrogative I I am playing. I am not playing. Am I playing? He / She / It He (she, it) is playing. He (she, it) It is not playing. Is he (she, it) playing? You / We / They You (we, they) are playing. You (we, they) are not playing. Are you (we, they) playing? 2 3 Articles: Indefinite and Definite Articles I- Indefinite article: A / An A is used when the next word begins with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k etc.): a book a table a clock a university (because the beginning of university sounds like YOU-niversity) AN is used when the next word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u): an apple an elephant an umbrella an hour (because the H is silent) II- Definite Article : The We use The for plural nouns and with: Singular noun when it is clear which person or thing we are talking about: The books are on the shelves. There is a lamp in my bedroom. (we mention the lamp for the first time) The lamp is next to the desk. Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar, the drums, the flute, the piccolo): She plays the piano. Something that is unique or there is only one: The sun The moon The internet. Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and deserts (always in capitals). The Mississippi River The Black Sea The Andes The Sahara Desert Directions (cardinal points): The west The south The East 4 Personal Pronouns We use personal pronouns to replace the person, the thing (or people, things) that we are talking about. When a personal pronoun takes the place of a noun as the subject of a sentence, it is a subject pronoun. When a personal pronoun is the direct or indirect object of a verb, or when it is used as the object of a preposition, it is an object pronoun. Person / Gender Subject pronoun Object pronoun Example First (Male/female Singular) Second (Male/female Singular) Third (Singular) Male Female Thing/Animal I Me I talked to Ida yesterday Ida talked to me yesterday You You If you need a book, I will buy this one for you He She It Him Her It He run fast, but the dog bit him. She is clever. Do you know her ? It doesn’t work. Please fix it . Plural - First - Second -Third We You They Us You Them We went home. My friend drove us. You are the fastest runner on the team, and we’re depending on you. They played football. The other team beat them 5