Download 2011 Biology Common Midterm Vocabulary

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2011 Biology Common Midterm Vocabulary Review
Scientific Method
Science
Observation
Hypothesis
Theory
A method used to build knowledge through the development of
testable explanations
Something that has been noticed by any of the five senses
A possible explanation for a set of observations
A collection of related hypotheses that have been proven through
experiments and that support each other. They can be modified
when new evidence is found.
Chemistry of Life
Carbon
Macromolecule
Polymer
Carbohydrate
Glucose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Protein
Amino Acid
Enzyme
Catalyst
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
DNA
Polar
Cohesion
Concentration
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Reactants
Products
The most important element in organic (living) chemistry. It can
make four covalent bonds.
A very large molecule, usually organic.
A large molecule composed of many smaller molecules called
monomers
An organic molecule that stores energy
(Provides structure in plants)
Sugar; monomer of carbohydrates. Provides easy energy.
A Sugar that is created by animals and is carried through the blood
Plant Fiber; An example of a very complicated carbohydrate –
chains of starches wrapped up together
An example of a complex carbohydrate –a chain of sugars
An organic molecule that provides structure, support, and speeds
up chemical reactions
The monomer of all proteins
An protein that speeds up chemical reactions in an organism (an
organic catalyst)
Any compound that lowers the activation energy of a chemical
reaction without being used up in the reaction.
A non-polar organic molecule that provides barriers, lubrication
and chemical messengers in the body (hormones)
An organic molecule that stores genetic information
Double strand example of nucleic acid – stores genetic information
Having two opposite sides (Ex: positive and negative)
The ability to stick together (usually describes water)
The amount of a substance within an area or volume
A chemical bond in which atoms share electrons
A chemical bond in which one atom gives one or more electrons to
another atom
The substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction
The substances present at the end of a chemical reaction
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Cells
Cell
Cytoplasm
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Robert Hooke
Cell Theory
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Organelles
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
Golgi Body
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosome
Flagellum
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cilia
Osmosis
Diffusion
Osmotic Pressure
Active Transport
Protein channels
and pumps
The smallest unit that can carry out all life fuctions (cytoplasm
surrounded by a cell membrane)
Fluid of the cell that contains all the organelles
Complicated cell with nucleus and organelles
(eg: Plant, Animal, Fungus and Protist Cells)
Simple cell without a nucleus or organelles (Bacteria Cell)
The Scientist who first identified and named cells using a
microscope
A three part theory describing what we know about cells
1) All living things are made of cells
2) All cells come from existing cells
3) The cell is the most basic unit of life
Cell organelle that surrounds the cell – forms a barrier
Plant cell organelle responsible for that supports and protection
Little organs of the cell – parts of the cell with specific jobs
Cell organelle that contains the DNA ; ball in center of cell
Center of nucleus; produce ribosomes
Makes up most of nucleus; contains DNA and proteins
Membrane that surrounds and contains the nucleus
Cell organelle responsible for packaging materials within the cell
Plant cell organelle that captures sunlight for photosynthesis
Cell organelle responsible for breaking down waste
Part of the cytoskeleton that is important in cell division and cell
movement
Cell organelle responsible for making proteins
Whiplike structure that helps the cell move (eg: sperm tail)
Cell organelle responsible for providing the cell with energy
Cell Organelle that is responsible for transportation of
materials throughout the cell; also produces lipids
Hair-like organelles on the exterior of the cell that helps the cell
move, sense things, and stick to other things.
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to
areas of low concentration (eg: He who smelt it, dealt it)
Fluid pressure that is created by a difference in salt concentrations
on opposite sides of a membrane.
movement of materials across a cell membrane that requires
energy
Active transport proteins in a cell membrane that pump salts from
lower concentrations to higher concentrations.
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Cellular Energy
ATP
Aerobic
An organic molecule that stores and releases energy
Requires Oxygen; Aerobic Respiration releases 32 ATP per
molecule of glucose
Anaerobic
Does not require Oxygen; Anaerobic Respiration releases 2 ATP
per molecule of glucose
Cellular Respiration Process by which organisms release energy form sugars
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants store sunlight energy in the form of sugar;
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  6O2 + C6H12O6
Cellular Division
Cell Cycle
Stem Cell
Differentiation
Cancer
Gap 1 (G1)
Synthesis (S)
Gap 2 (G2)
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Chromosome
Centromere
Cell Plate
The process of a cell growing and dividing
A undifferentiated cell that can turn into many other types of cells
To become a specific type of cell with specific jobs in the body
A disease caused by an unregulated cell cycle
The main stage of a cell’s cycle in which it grows and performs
cellular duties
The stage in a cell’s cycle in which the DNA is copied
The stage in a cell’s cycle in which the cell rests before dividing
The stage in a cell cycle in which the nucleus divides
The division of one cell into two cells
The mitotic phase in which the nuclear envelope breaks down
The mitotic phase in which the chromosomes are lined up in the
middle of the cell
The mitotic phase in which the chromosomes are pulled apart
showing the sister chromatids
The mitotic phase in which the two new nuclei begin to develop at
opposite ends of the dividing cell
A double copy of DNA wrapped around proteins – X shaped
the center of a chromosomes that connects individual chromatids
A section of cell wall that develops when plant cells divide
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Reproduction and Genetics
Meiosis
Gene
Alleles
Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive
The division of one diploid cell into four haploid sex cells
A portion of DNA that codes for a single protein (trait)
A version of a gene; can be dominant or recessive
The physical traits demonstrated by an organism
An allele that expresses a protein (the trait will always appear)
An allele that does not express a protein (the trait will only appear
in homozygous organisms)
Offspring
The next generation of an organism (a child)
Gamete
A sex cell (sperm or egg); they are always haploid
Haploid
A cell containing one copy of each chromosome (sex cells)
Diploid
A cell containing two copies of each chromosome (body cells)
Homozygous
an organism that has two copies of the same allele (also known as
purebred)
Heterozygous
an organism that has two different alleles (also known as hybrid)
Incomplete
An allele that does not demonstrate complete dominance
Dominance
over the recessive allele – a blend of the traits
Polygenic Trait
A trait that consists of more than one protein
Multiple Alleles
A trait that has more than one dominant allele
Codominance
When there is more than one dominant allele for a trait and they
are both expressed
Independent Assortment
Genes are inherited separately from each other
Sex linked
A recessive gene carried on the X chromosome that is more likely
to demonstrated in men than in women.
Crossing Over
An exchange of genes between sister chromatids during mitosis;
allows for greater genetic diversity
Pedigree
A chart used to trace inheritance patterns in a family
Ovulation
The release of a mature egg from the ovaries into the fallopian tube
Sperm
A male gamete (sex cell)
Egg
A female gamete (sex cell)
Placenta
An organ in the uterus that connects the mother to fetus and
supports the fetus; viruses can pass through the placenta to infect
the baby
Sexual
Reproduction of organisms in which the genetics of the offspring
Reproduction
are a blend from two parents
Asexual
Reproduction of organisms in which the genetics of the offspring
Reproduction
are identical to the single parent organism