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AP EURO SNAPSHOT CHART: 19th Century Europe Using Spielvogel Chapters 19-24, your class notes, and any other resources you may find on your own, complete the following chart on Europe in the “long” 19th century. Country AUSTRIA FRANCE GERMANY GREECE ITALY State of the Economy Rapid industrialization in the late 19th century resulted in a growing economy. Political Situation International/ Transnational Issues Major Social Issue/Problem Metternich’s conservative order defined Austrian imperialism was not focused on Still faces nationalities problem despite dual European politics until his dismissal in building overseas empire but on Ottoman monarchy. 1848, and the end of the Crimean War lands in the Balkans. (1856) Dual monarchy (Austria-Hungary) created to pacify Hungarian nationalists in the wake of losses in the Seven Weeks’ War. Introduction of universal male suffrage made empire so hard to govern that emperor and his advisors ruled by decree and bypassed Parliament. Remained a nation of small Much political unrest across the 19th Expanded French empire into Africa Country torn apart by Dreyfus Affair. Growing Antibusinessmen and farmers that lagged century. It began w/ Napoleon’s glorious (Algeria and French West Africa) and Semitism. Gov’t broke off relations w/ Cahtolic far behind industrial powers like reign through three revolutions (1830, Southeast Asia (Indochina) Church. Compulsory education for both boys and Britain, U.S., and Germany. Poor wages 1848, & 1871), the establishment of a girls. Expanded secondary education. and working conditions cause constitutional, monarchy, 2nd republic, radicalization of the working class. reign of Napoleon III, and finally the 3rd republic w/ a strong president and universal male suffrage. Faced more political unrest w/ Boulanger Crisis, Panama Canal scandal, and Dreyfua Affair. Became the continent’s leading After failing to unify in 1848 revolution, German empire expanded into Africa OVB instituted the first and most wide-ranging industrial and military power by 1914. German states unified under Prussian (Cameroon, Tanzania, etc.) social welfare legislation in Europe (Social Rapid economic growth and Chancellor OVB in 1871. A Federal empire Security/retirement benefits, sickness and accident urbanization. was created that established a strong insurance, and old age pensions). Rapid executive (Emperor) and bicameral industrialization and urbanization led to vast social legislature (lower house elected by problems. OVB’s Kulturkampf attempted to universal male suffrage). By turn of the eliminate the influence of the Catholic Church but 20th century, socialist parties became then backed off. Jews gain legal equality, but face extremely successful despite OVB’s restrictions on employment. attempts to eliminate them (1878) Gained its independence from Ottomans in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy. Continued to battle Ottomans across 19th century and unified Greek speaking lands by defeating Ottomans again in 1878. Added Macedonia with a victory in Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Regional differences (a povertyAfter failed revolutions in 1820, 1830, and After an embarrassing defeat at the hands Regional differences weakened sense of stricken south and an industrializing 1848, Italy finally unified in 1870 under of Ethiopia (1896), Italy satisfied its imperial community among Italians. The Pope and Catholic north) weakened the economy and King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmontambitions by conquering Libya Church refused to recognize the new state. sense of community. Sardinia in 1870. A constitutional Chromic turmoil between workers and monarchy was established. P.M. Giolitti’s industrialists undermined the social fabric. Social Transformismo divided loyalty of Italians welfare legislation enacted (1912) and led to corrupt/unmanageable politics. Universal suffrage was granted (1912). Country State of the Economy Political Situation International/ Transnational Issues Major Social Issue/Problem POLAND Does not exist. Polish nationalists revolted against Russian rulers in 1830 but failed after much bloodshed. RUSSIA Under leadership of finance minister Sergei Witte, Russia doubled its railroad network, put up high protective tariffs, put Russia on the gold standard, and encouraged foreign investment to build factories and steel and coal mills. Nevertheless, Russia’s economic gains were limited. Spain’s loss of overseas empire and limited industrialization caused economic problems. Russian czars established a reactionary absolutist police state throughout the 19th century. Radical groups carry out violent opposition. Assassination of Alexander II in 1881 causes successor Alexander III to wage war on liberalism and democracy (exceptional measures) Embarrassing losses in the Crimean War (1853-56) and Russo-Japanese War (190405) exposed Russia’s industrial backwardness. The loss to Japan inspired the Russian Revolution of 1905. Reforms enacted by Alexander II abolished serfdom (but serfs still had to pay for their land grants) and established local elected assemblies (zemstovs), but these reforms were limited and met w/ violent reaction from anarchists and other radicals. Alexander III reacted by establishing a Russification policy that further alienated subject nationalities. Transitioned from a restored Bourbon monarchy in 1815 to a parliamentary monarchy in 1875 with a constitution that granted limited suffrage for males and established two competing political parties (Conservatives and Liberals) Lost Latin American colonies due to revolutions (1810-1825). Defeat in the Spanish-American War (1898) led to the loss of Cuba and the Philippines to the United States causing unrest at home. Conservative social order (large landowners, Catholic Church, and army) prevented much needed social reforms. Lower classes become increasingly interested in obtaining social change through radical and violent means (socialism and anarchism) SWEDEN Transformed from a mostly agricultural economy to an industrial one. By early 20th c. Sweden had booming iron, steel, and engineering industries which were greatly helped by the introduction of hydroelectricity. Constitutional reform was made to Swedish monarchy in 1865 w/ the creation of a bicameral legislature. Lost Finland in war with Russia w/ 1808. Gained Norway from Denmark in 1814. Emigration of Swedes, mostly to North America (1.5 million out of 3.5 million in 1850) TURKEY Economy hit hard by Western developments. Europeans achieved direct access to Asia. Cheap European manufactured goods harmed Ottoman artisans. Foreign merchants won immunity from Ottoman laws/taxes. Gov’t cam to rely on foreign loans to finance economic development efforts. Most prosperous economic period in British history. Unprecedented economic growth, due to free trade across empire, iron ship building industry, its virtual monopoly on the carrying trade, and British industrial manufacturing. Central Ottoman state weakened. Provincial authorities and local warlords gained more power, limited the gov’ts ability to raise money. The Jannissaries had become militarily ineffective. Ottoman sultans (esp. Abudul Hamid II) fought reform and instituted repressive measures. “The Old Sick Man of Europe” Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, and France. Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania attained independence. Increasingly relied on Great Powers of Europe to keep empire together. (ex. Crimean War) Tanzimat reforms (1839) established the principle of equality for all citizens under the law, liberalized commercial law, and promoted western education models. Conflicts emerged b/t secular reformers and conservative Muslim groups over extent and scope of Ottoman modernization. Development of an effective two-party system that skillfully guided the country from classical liberalism to full-fledged democracy under the leadership of three effective prime ministers (Gladstone, Disraeli, George). Reform Bills (1832, 1867, 1884) lead to universal male suffrage. “The sun never sets on the British flag!” Expanded British Empire to include colonies in Africa, Burma, Australia/Oceania, and South Asia (India). Only transnational issue is whether to grant home rule to Ireland Corrected the ills of industrialization (pollution, rapid urban growth, low life expectancy, child labor etc.) across the 19th century thanks to the trade union movement and establishment of the Labour Party. Women’s movement agitated for more legal rights ,especially suffrage. The Peoples’ Budget (1906-1914) established extensive social welfare legislation (national health insurance, unemployment benefits, old-age pensions) by taxing the rich. SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM