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STUDY GUIDE ON LIFE CYCLE FERTILIZATION AND PREGNANCY Gametes are made through meiosis Ovary releases an egg Sperm travels through vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube to meet egg Fertilization is when sperm fuses with egg; makes a ZYGOTE (1 diploid cell) Zygote begins to make copies through MITOSIS (grows in cell number) When zygote starts dividing it is called an embryo Makes a fluid filled ball and implants in uterine wall pregnancy First Trimester o Cells organize into three major layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm; Different parts of the body develop from these different layers o Placenta o Embryo begins to move o From 8 weeks to birth: the embryo is called a fetus Second Trimester o Mother’s abdomen begins to swell as uterus enlarges o Fetuses heartbeat can be heard and skeleton begins to form o Can feel fetus moving around Third trimester: Fetus grows quickly and changes so it can survive outside the mother Birth occurs 270 days after fertilization o Smooth muscles lining uterus contract o Muscles in cervix and vagina relax CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT First Four Weeks – Neonatal Life o Reflexes: sucking, rooting, Babinski o Human Newborns are helpless compared to other animals o Human newborns are helpless but ready to learn Infancy: Head and neck are 30% of the body (adults 10%) Childhood: Rapid neurological development, Learn to speak, Increased height Adolescence and Puberty: growth spurt, secondary sex characteristics, Menarche Reaction Norm: G + E P o Environment can play a part in shaping the adult organism o Factors that influence growth and nutrition: Genetics, Neural control, Hormonal control, Nutrition, Secular trends, Socioeconomic Class, Season and Climate, Exercise, Disease, Antenatal insults, Emotion POSSIBLE ESSAY: Describe the details of fertilization and pregnancy. BIOLOGY OF AGING Aging is the process of getting older Why study aging? Senescence: deleterious effects associated with increasing age Life span: how long humans can live Life expectancy: how long a person is expected to live General Aging Change: Loss of height, Deterioration of muscle, More fat Aging Theories: Aging by Program, Wear and Tear NORMAL AGING AND AGE RELATED DISEASES/DISORDERS: Aging in the Skin Aging in Skeletal System Aging in Muscular System Aging in Nervous System Aging in the Senses Aging in the Circulatory System Aging in the Immune System Aging in the Respiratory System Aging in the Digestive System Aging in the Urinary Systems Aging in the Reproductive Systems POSSIBLE ESSAYS: What is the difference between normal age related changes and age related disorders. Using one system in the body, describe an example of each As humans we all share a basic life cycle. Discuss some of the phases of the life cycle that we all share and then discuss some of the differences that occur in the life cycle (between different cultures, times, locations, etc.). Make sure to discuss things that can cause variation in the life cycle (ie. disease