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Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Arts Translation Department Asst. Prof. Ahmed Qadoury Abed, Ph D CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR Fourth Year/ Morning & Evening Classes Lecture # 25 Postmodification in Arabic Arabic postmodification can be realized by 1- Adjectives 2- Participles 3- Relative clauses 4- Prepositional phrases 5- Genitives 6- Noun clauses Arabic adjectives, on the other hand, are classified as postmodifers, and this is the main translation problem. Arabic adjectives postmodify their head and agree with it in number, gender, case , and definiteness. For example, رجل طويل/a tall man and امراة طويلة/ a tall woman where ‘tall’ is used for both male and female reference whereas two different forms in Arabic . Further examples are النساء الطويالت/ الرجال الطوال/ امراتان طويلتان/ رجالن طويالن and their translations are two tall men/ two tall women/ tall men and tall women. Arabic adjectives can be divided into subjective and objective. The former expresses the attitude of the speaker and is non-defining, a point of similarity between English and Arabic subjective adjectives. For example المراة الجميلة/ الرجل العاقلand their counterparts are ‘ the wise man’ and ‘ the beautiful girl’. Objective adjectives normally describe a property of the head and help modify it. They are subdivided into : 1- denominal adjectives derived by adding يto the nouns as in اجتماعي/اجتماع 2-style adjective like قبطي/ عراقي 3- colour adjective like ابيض/ هحمر 4-age adjectives like كهل/ كبير/ صغير 5- size adjectives like صغير/ كبير/ واسع 6- shape adjectives like طويل/ قصير/ مربع Arabic participles are of two types : اسم الفاعلand اسم المفعول.The first ,which may be called the present participle , has the form فاعلas in عامل/ كاتبif it is derived from a trilateral verb and the form مفاعل as in مهاجم/ مسافرif it is derived from a quadrilateral verb. The present participle in Arabic like مسافرhas the sense of رجل مسافر, and مسافرةinto امراة مسافرة. اسم المفعولmay be called past participle and has the form مفعولas in مكسور/ مقتول. These two types of participles in Arabic behave like adjectives and therefore agree with their head noun in number, gender, case, and definiteness. Examples are رجال/ امراتان مقاتلتان/ رجالن مقاتالن/ امراة مقاتلة/ رجل مقاتل نساء مقاتالت/ مقاتلون. Relative clauses in Arabic are of two types: the first kind is introduced by a relative pronoun (..... اولئك/ اللذان/ التي/ )الذيand has a definite antecedent: - يعيش في البيت الذي بناه ابوه - قرات الكتب التي اشتريتها قبل عام - جاء الطالب الذين اردت مقابلتهم The second kind of relative clausesis introduced by zero pronoun and has an indefinite antecedent -عاش في بيت صغير كان قد بناه والده ثم دخل رجل مسن لم اره من قبل هذا اخي الذي كتب الرواية هذه امي التي علمتني الصدق هذا القطار الذي وقف بجانب الرصيفFor prepositional phrase, a noun head may be postmodified by a prepositional phrase : - الطريق الى الكلية - نصر العراق في الجنوب - فريق االمم المتحدة في جنوب لبنان - كتاب في النحو Comparative constructions are often postmodified by prepositional phrases: - هذا افضل مكان للقراءة - هذا احسن كتاب في الشتاء - جوسر اعظم شاعر قبل النهضة For genitives, nouns in genitives state or االضافةare realized by the process of juxtaposition, i.e., the two nouns are place together and the second is governed in the genitive case حالة الجر. grammarians distinguish two types of :االضافة - االضافة الحقيقية او المحضة او المعنوية - االضافة غير الحقيقية او غير المحضة او اللفظية Arab In the real genitive االضافة الحقيقيةthe two juxtaposed items are : i- Real nouns ii- The first is always devoid of the definite article iii- The second item may be definite or indefinite and is always placed in the genitive case - كتاب زيد - حر الصيف - فستان حرير - خاتم ذهب A number of semantic relations is expressed by real genitive: - Possessionكتاب الولد - Materialخاتم الذهب - Subjective relation هروب السجين - Objective relation مقتل الفيل - Description كلية البنات - Partitive sense بعض الرجال In unreal genitive, the genitive consists of two items , the first of which is adjective or participle: قاتل الحشرات، شديد البرودة، حسن الوجه. In this type: i- The second noun is usually definite ii- The first may be indefinite or definite: حسن الوجهor الحسن الوجه iii- There is a semantic difference between ( عينتان وااسعتانtwo large eyes/ proper noun) and واسع العينين consisting of two items in the genitive case). For nominal clauses, examples are the following: (a modifier - جاءني رجل كريم اخوه - رايت رجالً كريما ً اخوه - مررت برجال كريم اباؤهم These postmodifying noun phrases consist of an adjective which agrees in grammatical case and definiteness with the preceeding noun head, and a noun carrying a sufficient pronoun referring to the noun head. The adjective is normally used in the singular as : - مررت برجال كريم اباؤهم If the noun head is definite then the adjective must be definite: - جاءالرجل الكريم اخوه - جاءت المراة الفاضل اخوها The adjective may be feminine if the following noun is feminine or regarded as feminine: - ويل للرجال القاسية قلوبهم - هذه فتاة كاملة اخالقها