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Theories of Biological Aging/Senescence-genetically influenced declines in functioning of organs and systems DNA-Cellular Level Organ and Tissue Level 1. • Programmed effects of specific genes – – Longevity is a family trait “Aging genes” control biological changes--menopause, gray hair • 2. • Telomeres – Type of DNA that shortens – Brakes against cancerous mutations as cells duplicate • • Athletic skills peak between 20 and 35 Cross-linkage theory – protein fibers that make up the connective tissue form links with each other resulting in less elastic tissue. Gradual failure of endocrine system responsible for the production and regulation of hormones. Declines in immune system functioning – – DNA in body cells is gradually damaged due to changes in DNA. Mutations and cancer Free radicals • – Decline gradually until 60s or 70s, then faster • Continued training slows loss – Keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed Cumulative effects of random events—internal and external – Motor Performance in Adulthood Naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen destroying nearby tissue. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Leading Causes of Death in Early Adulthood Reproductive Capacity • Many people are delaying childbearing until their education is complete, careers are well-established, and know they can support a child • Reproductive capacity declines with age • Fertility problems among women increase from ages 15-50 • Female fertility declines largely due to reduced number and quality of ova, since the uterus shows no consistent changes among women in their late 30s and 40s – Some women in their later reproductive years have normal menstrual cycles, but do not conceive because the reserve of ova in their ovaries is too low • For men, the amount of semen and concentration of sperm gradually decreases after age 40 3 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 1 Cigarette Smoking Substance Use in Early Adulthood • Use peaks from 19-22 years, then declines – But up to 20% ages 21-25 are substance abusers – Cigarettes, chewing tobacco – Alcohol • Binge drinking – Drugs • • • • Marijuana Stimulants Prescription drugs Party drugs • 25% of Americans, 19% of Canadians – Numbers slowly declining – Less with higher education, but many college students smoke – More women smoking – Most smokers start before age 21 • The earlier people start, the greater their cigarette consumption and likelihood of continuing • The link between smoking and mortality is dose-related. The more cigarettes consumed, the greater the chance of premature death • Deadly health risks • Hard to quit – Most in treatment programs restart Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood • 13% of men, 3% of women heavy drinkers – About 1/3 of these alcoholics • Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism • Causes mental, physical problems • High social costs • Treatment is difficult Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Factors Related to Sexual Coercion Perpetrator Characteristics • Believe traditional gender roles • Approve violence against women; accept rape myths (women “want it” or can resist if they want) • Perceive behavior inaccurately— friendliness as seductiveness • History of own abuse, promiscuity • Alcohol abuse Cultural Forces • Men taught dominance, competition, aggression •Women submission • Acceptance of violence • Aggressive pornography – Half relapse in months Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 2 Theories of Changes in Thinking in Early Adulthood Development of Epistemic Cognition (Perry) • • Piaget’s theory: postformal thought – Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage Perry interviewed Harvard students at end of each year of college about “what stood out” from the prior year. 1. Dualistic thinking (either/or)--younger • • Perry’s theory: epistemic cognition Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they 2. Relativistic thinking (it’s all relative)--older • Labouvie-Vief’s theory: pragmatic thought and cognitiveaffective complexity • • Knowledge as imbedded in a framework of thought. No absolute truth—multiple truths, relative to context 3. Commitment within relativistic thinking Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Labouvie-Vief's Theory: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Emotional Complexity • Adolescents operate within a world of possibility. • Adulthood moves from hypothetical to pragmatic thought. • Pragmatic thought – Structural advance in which logic becomes the tool to solve real-world problems. • Pragmatic thinkers accept inconsistencies as part of life and develop thinking that thrives on imperfection and compromise. 11 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 3