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DATA AND KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
MBNA
MANAGING DATA AND INFORMATION
Usually too much data rather than too little in
organizations
 How does an organization organize all this data and
information?


Database – a collection of integrated and related files
Ebay
 Proquest
 MBNA

2
WHAT IS DATABASE TECHNOLOGY ?
 A collection
of related data organized in a
way that makes it valuable and useful
 Allows
organizations to retrieve, store, and
analyze information easily
 Is
vital to an organization’s success in
running operations and making decisions
3-3
RELATIONSHIP OF DBMS CONCEPTS TO
OTHERS?
3-4
THE HIERARCHY OF DATA
5
VIEW OF A DATABASE TABLE OR FILE
Entity
Attribute
Attribute
(One Column)
Attribute
Type
Record
(One
Row)
3-6
THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH
Figure 3.3: The Traditional Approach to Data Management
U of L example
7
http://www.microsoft.com/sql/prodinfo/casestudies/video.mspx
Washington hospital
THE DATABASE APPROACH
Figure 3.4: The Database Approach to Data Management
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ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH
3-9
COSTS OR RISKS OF THE DATABASE
APPROACH
3-10
ROLES IN DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND USE
Systems Programmer
• Creates business applications
that connect to databases
• Tests the new systems and
databases before use
3-11
Database Administrator (DBA)
• Designs, develops and monitors
performance of databases
• Enforces policy and standards for
data use and security
Systems Analyst
• Defines data requirements
working with a DBA
• Incorporates the database
design into new program
designs
DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES
Employment
Applications
Enter
Forms
(Form Entry Screen)
– DATA ENTRY
Example
• Data is entered from paper employment
applications into a form entry screen
• The entry forms are designed to match the
paper forms for ease of entry
• The form data is processed by the entry
program and then stored in the employment
database
(Form Entry Program)
3-12
(Employment DB)
DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES
– QUERY
Query – A database function that extracts and displays information from a database
given selection parameters.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
QBE (Query by Example)
Example – Display applicants entered in the last 30 days
Query parameters are selected in the query request screen
The database program uses SQL to query and present the
result
(Query Request)
(Query Program)
3-13
(Employment Query)
DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES –
REPORT
Report – A database function that extracts and formats information
from a database for printing and presentation
Report Generator
Example – Report on applicants entered in the last 30 days
• Report parameters are selected in the report request screen
• The database program uses SQL to query and present the result
(Query Request)
(Query Program)
3-14
(Employment Report)
DESIGNING DATABASES – DATA MODEL
Data Model
• A map or diagram that represents entities and their
relationships
• Used by Database Administrators to design tables with
their corresponding associations
Example: ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)
3-15
DESIGNING DATABASES – KEYS
Primary
Key
ENTITIES
- Student ID
Entities are translated
into Tables
(Students and Grades)
Secondary
Key
- Major
Entities are
joined by
common
attributes
Compound
Primary Key
- Student ID
- Course ID
- Sec No.
- Term
3-16
THE RELATIONAL MODEL
• Most common type of database model used today in
organizations
• Is a three-dimensional model compared to the
traditional two-dimensional database models
- Rows (first-dimension)
- Columns (second-dimension)
- Relationships (third-dimension)
3-17
THE RELATIONAL MODEL - EXAMPLE
3-18
THE RELATIONAL MODEL - NORMALIZATION
Normalization
• A technique to make complex databases more efficient by
eliminating as much redundant data as possible
• Example: Database with redundant data (below)
3-19
THE RELATIONAL MODEL - NORMALIZATION
Normalized Database
3-20
THE RELATIONAL MODEL – DATA DICTIONARY
Data Dictionary
• Is a document that database designers prepare to help
individuals enter data
• Provides several pieces of information about each attribute in
the database including:
- Name
- Key (is it a key or part of a key?)
- Data Type (date, alphanumeric, numeric, etc.)
- Valid Value (the format or numbers allowed)
• Can be used to enforce Business Rules which are captured by
the database designer to prevent illegal or illogical values from
entering the database. (e.g. who has authority to enter certain
kinds of data)
3-21
ONLINE TRANSACTIONAL PROCESSING (OLTP)
Online Transactional Processing
• The mechanism by which customers, suppliers, and employees
process business transactions for an organization
• These users conduct transactions online through internal systems
and external websites for processing and storage
Example
3-22
OPERATIONAL VS. INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS
3-23
ORGANIZATIONAL USE OF DATABASES
Operational
Hong Kong
Airport
Informational
Extract
Data
3-24
Extract
Data
Department
Databases
Data
Warehouse
Data
Mart
• Day-to-day
department
transactions
• Used primarily by
departments
• Extracted
department
transactions
• Used for
business
analysis
• Extracted subset
of a data
warehouse
• Used for highly
specific business
analysis
Hong Kong Airport
HONG KONG AIRPORT
1.
Identify three operational database
applications that Hong Kong airport
would utilize.
2.
Identify three informational uses of
database applications that Hong Kong
airport would utilize.
DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA
MINING

Data warehouse: collects business information from
many sources in the enterprise

Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse

Data mining: an information-analysis tool for automated
discovery of patterns and relationships in a data
warehouse or a data mart
Online Analytical
Processing -Graphical software tools
that provide complex analysis of data stored in a database
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• Data warehouses are not
transaction-oriented.
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• Data warehouses support
online analytical
processing (OLAP).
DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA
MINING (CONTINUED)
Figure 3.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DEFINITIONS
Knowledge Management
The process an organization uses to gain the greatest value from
its knowledge assets
Knowledge Assets
All underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulae,
methods, heuristics, and intuitions whether explicit or tacit
Explicit Knowledge
Tacit Knowledge
3-29
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (KMS)
Best Practices
Procedures and processes that are widely accepted as being among
the most effective and/or efficient
Primary Objective
How to recognize, generate, store, share, manage this tacit
knowledge (Best Practices) for deployment and use
Technology
Generally not a single technology but rather a collection of tools
that include communication technologies (e.g. e-mail,
groupware, instant messaging), and information storage and
retrieval systems (e.g. database management system) to meet the
Primary Objective
3-30
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
3-31
A not so perfect match
A

NOT SO PERFECT MATCH
With the increasing power of Data mining techniques,
comes ever increasing and reaching uses of this powerful
technology.
Is this DNA application an application that has gone too
far?
 Do
you agree with this statement
"There should be a familial searching
policy that is constitutional and legal in
the Canada”