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IST 349 Chapter 6 Concepts What is the structure of a relational database? Tables, records, fields. What is a primary key? A special field in a table that contains unique identifiers – no duplication of values allowed. An example of such a field would be “Social Security Number” What type of a foreign key? A field that appears in a table that is a primary key in another table. This field allows you to “look up” information in another table. What is a relationship in a database? Tables in a database may be related to each other through common fields. The relationship may be: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. What is a one-to-many relationship in a database? One record in the first table is related to many records in the second table. What is normalization? The process of streamlining complex groups of data to minimize redundant data and reduce awkward many-to-many relationships. What are some database management systems for large mainframe and midrange computers? DB2, Oracle, Microsoft SQL In creating a database system using DBMS software, there are two steps in the creation process. What are these two steps? Describe each field and its characteristics (name, size, type, etc.) in the tables and enter data into the tables. What is SQL? Structured Query Language. A language in which one defines a query. In Access, this is done through a graphical interface. Other database systems use SQL. What is a data warehouse? A database that stores current as well as historical data from throughout the company. The data originates from many different operational areas within the business and may come from different databases and be in different formats. What is data mining? Data mining is a sophisticated query system that finds hidden patterns and relationships among the data. The information obtainable from data mining include: associations, sequences, classifications, clustering, and forecasting. Explain how databases and the web interact. We may visit a company’s web site and check availability and pricing of a certain product. The customer accesses the company’s web server. The company’s web server, in turn, is connected to the company database server. See Figure 6.14 What is an “information policy”? The ‘information policy” of a company identifies which users can share which information, where information can be distributed, and who is responsible for updating and maintaining the information. Why is data quality so important to a business? Inaccurate data can create serious operational and financial problems for a company. It is estimated that 25 percent of the critical data in large Fortune 1000 companies’ databases is inaccurate. Correcting these errors can lead to increased revenue. Case Studies Business Intelligence Helps the Cincinnati Zoo Know Its Customers Main Point: The Cincinnati Zoo found that they did not know much about their customers – people who visited the zoo. To correct this situation, a new information system including a data warehouse was implemented that could provide reporting of information. The new system allowed management to make better decisions about operations and this led to a dramatic increase in food and retail sales. American Water keeps Data Flowing American Water is the largest public water utility in the United States. Until recently their business processes were very localized, some even manual, and over time they became hard to manage. The individual systems were not integrated. Hence it was difficult to combine data from the separate systems. The company decided to implement a single integrated software system for all the different systems. The company is in the process of implementing a centralized data warehouse repository to hold all the company’s data. Does Big Data Bring big Rewards?