Download Reading Guide

Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
I. Metacognition: By the end of this unit you are expected to be able to do/complete all objectives
below. Your teacher will help you understand this material, but it is ultimately your responsibility.
Constantly ask yourself whether or not you are meeting these targets, and what are you doing to
master them?
Pre
Check
TB
Section
11.1
11.2
Post
Check
Objectives (*EOB)
1. Recognize how biological traits are passed from one generation to
the next.*
2. Predict through probability the phenotype of an organism given its
genotype.*
11.2
3. Interpret genotypes and phenotypes in/using a Punnett square.*
11.3
11.3
4. Describe patterns of inheritance that do not follow Mendelian
genetics.
5. Explain the relationship between genes and the environment.*
11.4
6. Explain how meiosis results in sex cells.*
11.4
7. Explain that inheritable genetic variations result from crossover
between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.*
II. Vocabulary Building:
Due Date: __________________
How am I going to learn the terms? (select one or create your own idea that is teacher approved)
⃝ Make flashcards of all vocabulary terms and definitions.
⃝ Make a flip chart including all vocabulary terms and definitions.
⃝ Other Ideas (teacher approved)? ________________________________________________
III. Chapter Vocabulary and Root Words:
Term
Definition
Genetics
Fertilization
Memory Cue
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Trait
Hybrid
Gene
Allele
Principle of
Dominance
Segregation
Gamete
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
Probability
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Punnett Square
Independent
Assortment
Date:
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
Incomplete
Dominance
Codominance
Mutiple Allele
Polygenic Trait
Homologous
Diploid
Haploid
Date:
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
Meiosis
Tetrad
Crossing Over
Zygote
IV. Guided Reading Section Questions (*EOB):
Section 11.1 p. 308-312: The Work of Gregor Mendel
Pre
Check
Objectives (*EOB)
Post
Check
1. Recognize how biological traits are passed from one generation to the next.*
1. What is the difference between heredity and genetics? ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a trait? Give an example of a trait for one of Mendel’s pea plants.*
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
3. What is the difference between “true-breeding” and “cross-breeding”? _________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the difference between a gene and an allele? Give examples of both using height in
Mendel’s pea plants. *________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Looking at the picture, structure A represents? What do
the bands on structure A represent?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
What does structure B represent? * __________________
6. Looking at Figure 11-3, what are the seven traits of Mendel’s pea plants? Of those seven
traits what are the seven dominant alleles? * ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
7. How can you tell when a dominant or recessive allele will be expressed? *
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. Describe what happens during segregation. ________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Section 11.2 p. 313-318: Applying Mendel’s Principles
Pre
Check
Objectives (*EOB)
Post
Check
1. Predict through probability the phenotype of an organism given its genotype.*
2. Interpret genotypes and phenotypes in/using a Punnett square.*
1. What is the purpose of probability in genetics? _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes? * ___________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Homozygous examples for height: _____ and _____
Heterozygous example for height: _____
3. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? * _________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The genotypes for height are: _____, _____, and _____
The phenotypes for height are: __________ and __________
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
4. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? * _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Use the figure to the right to complete the problem below. *
a. We are going to discover how dimples are inherited. Write
down a random four digit number: ___ ___ ___ ___
b. These four random digits represent the alleles of a gene
that determines whether a person will have dimples.
i. Odd digits represent the allele for the dominant trait of dimples.
ii. Even digits represent the allele for the recessive trait of no dimples.
iii. Examples: 46 (2 even digits) = dd
38 (1 odd digit, 1 even digit) = Dd
17 (2 odd digits) = DD
c. Use the first two digits from your number above to represent your father’s genotype
(Use the symbols of D and d to write his genotypes as shown in the example above).
i. Your father’s genotype = ___ ___
d. Use the second two digits from your number above to represent your mother’s
genotype (Use the symbols of D and d to write her genotypes as shown in the
example above).
i. Your mother’s genotype = ___ ___
e. What are your father’s two
f. What are your mother’s two
gametes (Hint: use Figure 11-8
gametes (Hint: use Figure 11-8
if confused!)
if confused!)
i. _____
i. _____
ii. _____
ii. _____
g. Put your father’s gametes on one side of the Punnett square and your mother’s
gametes on an adjacent side. Complete the Punnett square.
h. Based on your Punnett square write out the genotypes and phenotypes of each
possible offspring.
i. Genotype
Phenotype
________
_________
________
_________
________
_________
________
_________
i. What percent of offspring could have dimples? _____
j. What percent of offspring could not have dimples? _____
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
6. Explain the principle of independent assortment. __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Explain how Mendel’s principles apply to all organisms. _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Section 11.3 p. 319-321: Applying Mendel’s Principles
Pre
Check
Post
Check
Objectives (*EOB)
1. Describe patterns of inheritance that do not follow Mendelian genetics.
2. Explain the relationship between genes and the environment.*
1. Complete the table below highlighting the exceptions to Mendel’s principles.
Term
Incomplete
Dominance
Codominance
Multiple
Alleles
Polygenic
Traits
Description
Example
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
2. Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. ________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Section 11.4 p. 323-329: Applying Mendel’s Principles
Pre
Check
Objectives (*EOB)
Post
Check
1. Explain how meiosis results in sex cells.*
2. Explain that inheritable genetic variations result from crossover between
homologous chromosomes during meiosis.*
1. Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. ___________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the following formulas to
complete the table:
Haploid = N (or 2N / 2)
Diploid = 2N (or N X 2)
3. Why is a diploid number always even? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think the chromosome number of an organism is indicative of their level of
complexity or intelligence? _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Which organism’s chromosome number did you find the most surprising? Why? _________
___________________________________________________________________________
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
6. The process of meiosis results in the formation of what? * ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe the importance of Prophase I of meiosis (including crossing over). _____________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Use Figure 11-17 and the reading on pages 327-328 to complete the table below. *
Event
Mitosis
Meiosis
Four new daughter cells are formed from each original cell
This makes cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original
This type of cell reproduction makes egg cells
This makes cells with half the original number of chromosomes
This process makes sperm cells
Two new daughter cells are formed from one original cell
The original cell replicates its DNA (genetic material)
The original cell will go through 1 cell division total
The original cell will go through 2 cell divisions
Crossing over takes place during this process
The cell will go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
The cell will go through cytokinesis
9. Venn Diagram 11.17 Mitosis vs Meiosis: *
1 cell division
haploid cells
DNA replication
diploid cells
sexual reproduction
cell division
asexual reproduction
4 daughter cells
crossing over
2 cell divisions
2 daughter cells
genetic diversity
Both
Mitosis
Meiosis
Name:
Biology 1-2
Date:
Period:
10. Describe the importance of meiosis maintaining the same chromosome number over
generations? * ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11. Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together. ___________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
V. I can statements: Read the following I can statements and complete the table with evidence
you know that I can statement. This could include a sentence, a picture, etc. You MUST complete
this section for credit.
TB
I can statement (*EOB)
Section
11.1
1a. I can define the terms trait,
gene, allele and chromosome.*
Evidence
-
11.1
1b. I know the difference
between a gene and an allele.*
11.1
1c. I can describe how alleles
influence traits.*
11.1
1d. I can explain how genes are
found on chromosomes.*
Name:
Biology 1-2
11.1
1e. I can explain the process of
fertilization and how hybrids are
formed.
11.1
1f. I can explain the principle of
dominance and give an example
using Mendel’s crosses with pea
plants.
11.1
1g. I can describe how alleles
segregate into gametes.
11.2
2a. I can explain what probability
is and how it can be used to
predict traits.
11.2
2b. I can describe the difference
between a genotype and a
phenotype.*
11.2
2c. I can explain how an
organism’s genotype determines
its phenotype and give an
example using Mendel’s pea
plants.*
11.2
2d. I can tell when a dominant or
recessive allele will be
expressed.*
11.2
2e. I can define the terms
homozygous and heterozygous.*
Date:
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
11.2
11.2
2f. I can tell the differences
between a homozygous and
heterozygous genotype and
correctly determine from the
genotype the phenotype.*
3a. I can create a Punnett square
given parental information.*
11.2
3b. I can predict genotypic ratios
in offspring using a Punnett
square.*
11.2
3c. I can predict phenotypic
ratios in offspring using a
Punnett square.
11.2
3d. I can predict the inheritance
of a trait through several
generations using Punnett
squares.*
Date:
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
11.2
3e. I can predict the genotypic
and phenotypic ratios of a
dihybrid cross using a Punnett
square.
11.2
3f. I can explain the principle of
independent assortment.
11.2
3g. I can summarize Mendel’s
four main principles of genetics.
Date:
-
11.3
4a. I can use a Punnett square to
predict genotypic and
phenotypic ratios given a genetic
cross of traits that follow
incomplete dominance.
11.3
4b. I can use a Punnett square to
predict genotypic and
phenotypic ratios given a genetic
cross of traits that follow
codominance.
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
11.3
4c. I can describe genes with
multiple alleles and give an
example in humans.
11.3
4d. I can describe the interaction
of polygenic traits and give an
example in humans.
11.3
5a. I can describe with examples
how the environment can have
an effect on the phenotype of an
individual.
11.4
6a. I can explain the difference
between diploid and haploid
cells.
11.4
6b. I can describe meiosis and
emphasize what is produced at
the end.*
11.4
6c. I can describe the role of
meiosis in maintaining the
correct number of chromosomes
over multiple generations.*
11.4
6d. I can compare and contrast
meiosis and mitosis.*
Date:
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
11.4
6e. I can describe the role of
meiosis in genetic diversity.
11.4
7a. I can describe the
importance of crossing over in
creating genetic diversity.*
11.4
7b. I can describe the
importance of various genetic
combinations in haploid sex cells
in creating genetic diversity.*
Date:
Period:
Name:
Biology 1-2
VI. Study Guide
Date:
Period:
The final chapter assessment is on ____________________________
To study for the test I have completed the following:
___ Completing the entire reading guide
___ Rereading the entire chapter
___ Making flashcards
___ Making my own study guide
___ Reviewing all of my notes
___ Reviewing all of my labs
___ Reviewing all of my worksheets
___ Reviewing all of my quizzes
___ Quizzing myself
___ Quizzing a classmate
___ Creating a practice test
___ Outlining the chapter
___ Copying my notes
___Making a graph organizer
___ Getting additional help from my teacher
___ Taking online quizzes/tests on Biology.com website
___ Other (explain: _______________________________)
___ Other (explain: _______________________________)
___ Other (explain: _______________________________)
___ Other (explain: _______________________________)
I predict that I will earn the following grade on my assessment ___________ because ___________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________