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Fig. 1.8-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. l © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer Fig. 1.9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Head (cephalic) Neck Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Otic (ear) Buccal (cheek) Cranial (skull) Occipital (base of skull) Mental (chin) Nuchal (back of neck) Cervical Clavicular (collarbone) Acromial (point of shoulder) Scapular (shoulder blade) Thoracic (thorax) Pectoral (chest) Sternal (breastbone) Axillary (armpit) Dorsal (back) Brachial (arm) Mammary (breast) Trunk Vertebral (spinal column) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Umbilical (navel) Pelvic (pelvis) Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Olecranon (point of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Upper limb Lumbar (loin) Upper limb Trunk Sacral (between hips) Carpal (wrist) Dorsum (back of hand) Palmar (palm) Digital (fingers) Manual (hand) Gluteal (buttock) Coxal (hip) Perineal (perineum) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (hollow behind knee) Patellar (kneecap) Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Lower limb Lower limb (a) Talus (ankle) Dorsum (top of foot) Digital (toes) Plantar (sole) Pedal (foot) (b) © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer Calcaneal (heel) Fig. 1.8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior Left Right Superior Midline Proximal Medial Anterior Posterior (Ventral) (Dorsal) Distal Lateral Inferior Proximal Distal Distal Proximal © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer Inferior Fig. 1.11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cerebrum Cerebellum Brainstem Nasal cavity Tongue Spinal cord Pharynx (throat) Vertebral column Trachea (b) Sagittal section of the head Sagittal plane Transverse, or horizontal, plane Stomach Large intestine Liver Spleen Kidney Vertebra Kidney Spinal cord Frontal, or coronal, plane (c) Transverse section through the abdomen Skin Fat Hip muscle (a) Femur (thighbone) Coxal bone (hipbone) Thigh muscles (d) Frontal section through the right hip a: © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer; b–d: © R. T Hutchings Fig. 1.12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Longitudinal section Intestine Transverse section Oblique section Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.3a Hair Skin Ribs Skull Temporalis Clavicle Pectoralis major Sternum Humerus Biceps brachii Vertebral column Pelvis Rectus abdominis Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Gastrocnemius Fibula Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. Tonsils Nose Thymus Cervical lymph node Nasal cavity Pharynx (throat) Pharynx (throat) Larynx Oral cavity (mouth) Esophagus Trachea Axillary lymph node Lymphatic vessel Mammary plexus Stomach Bronchi Pancreas Lungs Thoracic duct Liver Gallbladder Spleen Inguinal lymph node Salivary glands Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum Anus Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages. Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. Fig. 1.3b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus Brain Pituitary Spinal cord Thyroid Thymus Pineal gland Carotid artery Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid) Jugular vein Nerve Adrenals Cauda equina Ovaries (female) Pancreas (islets) Testes (male) Heart Brachial artery Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Pulmonary trunk Aorta Femoral artery and vein Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones. Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Mammary gland (in breast) Kidney Seminal vesicle Uterine tube Ureter Ovary Urinary bladder Ductus deferens Prostate gland Testis Uterus Urethra Vagina Epididymis Penis Urinary System Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures. Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. Co 1