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LACTIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO LOADING
IN SMALL FOOTBALL GAMES
Martin Kinči - Tomáš Kampmiller - Marián Vanderka
Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
Summary: This study deals with lactic and physiological response of the players´ organism to
the loading in the small football games in football. The aim of the study was to determine
whether a specific loading in the small football games could have an essential impact on
stimulation of the processes of anaerobic glycolysis in the same range as the non-specific
loading. Measurements were conducted in three types of small football games (2 : 2 with
unlimited number of contacts, 2 : 2 with maximal 3 contacts with the ball, 3 : 3 with unlimited
number of touches in the space of 2 penalty areas). We monitored the level of blood lactate
after the exercise and heart rate during the exercise and we recorded individual skills of the
player mainly his activity during the game. Each small football game had precisely specified
rules in order to achieve the highest possible loading. After a thorough warm-up exercises the
players participated in 6 x 2 min. load with a 4 min. rest interval. Results refer to the fact that
pre-games did not sufficiently stimulate the processes of anaerobic glycolysis and the LA
values after small football games were lower when compared with non-specific short repeated
intense loading. In the first case the maximum LA value was up to 9.5 mmol.l-1 and in the
second case adopted from the literature sources the LA value was higher than 15 mmol.l-1.
Usually the higher is the number of players involved in the small football games, the lower is
the intensity of the average loading. In our case, the highest values of LA blood concentration
were 4.8 - 9.5 mmol.l-1 after the 2 : 2 players small football games and from 2.67 to 6.71
mmol.l-1 after the 3 : 3 players small football games. Maximum LA blood concentration levels
were approximately 2-3 mmol.l-1 higher after rules-limited number of touches small football
games compared with the levels after the small football games where the number of touches
was not limited by the rules. The highest measured lactate blood concentration level was 9.5
mmol.l-1 which cannot be considered as a sufficient loading for the development of anaerobic
capacity. Therefore, in our opinion, it should be recommended to use presented small football
games as highly-specific method for the intensive development of predominantly aerobic
power at VO2max, interval manner, with the number of repetitions 6-10 times 2-4 min. and
the rest interval about 4 min.
Key words:
football, anaerobic glycolysis, lactate, heart rate, the individual skills of players,
specific resources, small preparative games
Introduction
The analysis of the players´ motor activities during football match (Macload et al.,
1993) is clear that the loadings of players can be characterized as models for repeated short
intensive motion intervals alternating with intervals of lower intensity. It is possible to speak
about a great need for the use of anaerobic metabolism in addition to aerobic, which prevails
in the match.
It is possible to induce this loading by specific and nonspecific training methods
taking in account various authors´ findings we consider these findings as contradictory views
in proportion of their usage in the training process as well as in the match.
Small football games play an important role in the training process as a complex
methodically-organized form that fulfills the role of game preparation, but also interacts with
the development of specific motor skills, game fitness, creative and coordination skills and
reaction speed of the player (Peráček et al., 2003, 2004).
Also Pakusza (2000, 2005) suggests that the small football games create ideal
conditions for complex development of the game capability by their variability, diversity and
situations which are hardly expected and thus effectively impact development of skills
(technique), fitness (condition) and intellectual potential of players and thereby during small
football games we mostly respect priority of the situational didactics.
The responses of the body to a specific loading in the game training were examined in
the works of Peráček (1995), Bunc, Buzek (1996), Kačáni (1999), Holienka, Tarkovič (2001),
Platt et al. (2001), Pakusza, Tarkovič (2002). According to above mentioned authors, we can
declare that the game training develops capacity of bioenergetic systems adequately, which
should be reflected in an effective adaptation to anaerobic load.
In contrast to this finding, Vanderka, Kampmiller, Holienka (2004) in their research
work pointed out to underestimated problem in sports games, that it is not possible to achieve
such a good performance in which it would be sufficiently stimulated the processes of
anaerobic glycolysis by the means of the game. Therefore they recommended more frequent
use of short-interval intensive loading with non-specific type, which can be applied in the
game itself as the ability to manage game situations better even at relatively high levels of
lactate.
The purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to analyze the physiological response to the specific
loading in the form of small football games on the basis of the post-load exercise
concentration of lactate in the blood following the frequency of the heart rate and point out
whether these changes have a major impact on the stimulation of the processes of the
anaerobic glycolysis in the same extent as non-specific loading.
Hypothesis
H1 Anaerobic glycolysis in the pre-games loading does not sufficiently stimulate LA blood
concentrations and LA values are lower than for non-specific loads.
H2 LA blood concentrations will be higher after loading in the form of the small pre-games
(specific means) that are carried out with fewer players and with limited number of touches.
Materials and methods
The whole group of players consisted of older adolescents (senior young players) of
the Slovak premier league, members of the sports club Slovan Bratislava aged 18-19 years.
These players trained five times per week + 1 championship game per week. Before
measurement the players took 10 min warm up exercises followed by a combination of
dynamic stretching and special warm-up exercises with a ball. The whole warm-ups lasted 25
min. Small football games were carried out just after the warm- ups.
Organization of the small football games was organized as follows: 2 : 2 +
goalkeepers; No 1 – unlimited number of touches; No 2 - with maximal 3 touches. Duration
of the loading was 6 times 2 min. with a rest interval 4 min. during which blood sampling
technique for laboratory evaluation of LA concentration was carried out alternately in the 3th 4th min. of rest intervals. In the small football game 3 : 3 + goalkeepers (unlimited number of
touches) the blood samples were taken during breaks from all players of the team. All types of
small football games took place in the space of two penalty areas. Each player completed only
one small football game according to the division made by the head coach. Players were
required to perform at maximum intensity and with maximum effort.
All blood samples were taken from ear lobes and analyzed in the laboratory by means
of standardized equipment Biosen Lactate analyzer. Polar Heart Rate analyzer with the
registration in 5 s intervals was used to measure heart rate. It was made a video of individual
small football games during different matches and this recording was used to analyze the
number of performed game skills.
Results and discussion
One of the key tasks of sports training is to understand and respect the principle of
energy metabolism of various means of a load. Lactate as an anion of lactic acid occurs in
muscles during intensive (anaerobic) loading. The question is whether this energetic system in
sports games can also be stimulated by the specific means, i.e. activities with the ball. Our
research work was focused on evaluation of the loading intensity of small football games in
terms of number of players and complexity of loading. This could happen if the exact choice
of conditions enables sufficient stimulation of the processes of anaerobic glycolysis.
In the 2 : 2 games with an unlimited number of touches, gradual increase in lactate
levels in the range from 4.1 to 7.9 mmol.l-1 in the case of subject 1 and from 4.6 to 5.5
mmol.l-1 in the case of subject 2 (Fig. 1) was monitored. The difference between the highest
blood lactate levels of these two subjects can be explained mainly by the course of the game
itself. If the game rules allow unlimited number of touches, the players do not have to
cooperate constantly, which leads to different loading in their performance. This is caused by
the activity of individual players involved in the match e.g. offenders are not willing to defend
and vice versa defenders can not attack because the game itself does not require them to do it.
Another negative aspect in this type of game is a trivialization of game situations e.g.
immediate shot at goal just after passing the ball from a goalkeeper, which results in reducing
the intensity of the loading. This fact is reflected in the entry of the curve of the heart rate.
The selected player’s heart rate did not increase higher than 180 pulses per minute (Fig. 1),
and his loading was in the range from 170 to 180 pulses, which is probably in the evolving
oxidative zone.
Figure 1
Record of the heart rate curve during the loading in the small game 2 : 2 with goalkeepers
(6 x 2 min., RI: 4 min.) unlimited number of touches
Table 1
Blood lactate values in the small football game 2:2 with goalkeepers (6 x 2 min., RI: 4 min.)
with unlimited number of touches
1st break
Team A
Subject 1
Subject 2
Blood LACTATE concentration (mmol.l-1)
2nd break 3rd break 4th break 5th break 6th break - 8min.
4,1
5,5
4,6
7,9
4,9
5,5
The highest measured values of blood lactate levels were after pre-games 2:2 with
maximum 3 touches in the range from 9.2 to 9.5 mmol.l-1 during the first and second break
respectively (Tab. 2). The highest values of the heart rate during this form of small football
game were reached (Fig. 2). Since there was no further accumulation of blood lactate, but on
the contrary there was a decline of its level probably due to increased aerobic activity. We can
assume that this way LA is more quickly utilized in the slow-working muscle fibers with a
predominance of oxidative processes, or more activated buffering systems.
Table 2
Blood lactate values after the small football game 2:2 with goalkeepers
(6 x 2 min., RI: 4 min.) with maximum 3 touches with a ball
st
1 break
Team A
Subject 1
Subject 2
Blood LACTATE concentration (mmol.l-1)
2 break 3rd break 4th break 5th break
6th break – 8 min.
nd
6,1
9,2
9,5
4,8
7,2
5,9
This type of small football games organization seems to be the most intensive one
which is confirmed by measurements of lactate level and the heart rate recording. Players
repeatedly reached the level of more than 180 pulses per minute. It is likely that this type of
small football game stimulates the development of anaerobic-aerobic capacity the most
effectively, due to the limited number of touches and the consequent need for constant
movement in the playing area. It was the only way to achieve higher intensity, better
continuity of the game and more shooting opportunities, as illustrated by the highest number
of shots - 43 (Tab. 5).
Figure 2
Record of the heart rate curve during the loading in the small football game 2 : 2 with goalkeepers
(6 x 2 min., RI: 4 min.) with maximum 3 touches with a ball
The lowest lactate response to loading in the form of small football games was
recorded after the type 3 : 3, where the blood lactate levels were measured in the range from
2.67 to 6.71 mmol.l-1 (Tab. 4). In this type of small football game there was achieved a
gradual lactate accumulation effect. This can be explained by higher number of players
participating in the game and therefore natural decrease not of the intensity of the game, but
of the loading of individual players, which coaches often associate as the same thing. It means
that the seemingly high intensity of the preparatory games or preparatory exercises does not
necessarily directly reflect the internal loading of players. A higher number of players
participating in the game allows cutting individual players out of the game combinations, or
allows individual players to decide not to participate, or it allows the players of one team to
hold the ball without necessity to shoot. This fact is illustrated by the heart rate curve (Fig. 3),
which points to the uneven loading of high and low intensity in this type of small football
game, where the values only randomly and not regularly reach areas in which there can be
assumed the involvement of anaerobic glycolysis to ATP recovery processes.
Figure 3
Record of the heart rate curve during theloading in the small football game 3 : 3 with goalkeepers
(6 x 2 min., RI: 4 min.), unlimited number of touches
Table 3
Blood lactate values in the small football game 3 : 3 with goalkeepers
(6 x 2 min., RI: 4 min.), unlimited number of touches
1st break
Team A
Subject 1
Subject 2
Subject 3
Team B
Subject 1
Subject 2
Subject 3
3,75
5,91
4,27
Blood LACTATE concentration (mmol.l-1)
2nd break 3rd break 4th break 5th break 6th break - 8min.
4 min. 8 min.
6,01
3,58
6,71
5,75
3,75
6,52
3,31
5,38
2,67
5,94
6,63
odmietol
6,09
6,15
6,15
5,37
The results of this study can be compared with the results of work of Vanderka,
Kampmiller, Holienka (2004), who measured the lactate concentration after small football
game 1 : 1 (4 x 2 min., RI: 4.min. in two series in the space of two penalty areas) in the 1st,
4th, 8th min., with blood LA concentration within the range from 7.8 to 10.1 mmol.l-1. Their
results also show that only by the game activities it is not possible to achieve such a
performance - that could be sufficient to stimulate the processes of anaerobic glycolysis,
therefore it is recommend to use the intensive repeated short interval loading of non-specific
nature (without a ball) with change of running direction more often.
Table 4
Analysis of the successfulness and the number of performed individual skills
during the small football game 2 : 2 with a maximum 3 touches with a ball
Team A
% of success
Team B
% of success
∑ of performed
individual
skills
Passes
Going around
an opponent
Steals
Heading
Shoots
Total number of
performed
individual skills
39/8
83%
40/2
95%
79/10
(89)
89%
1/1
50%
0/2
0%
1/3
(4)
25%
1/1
50%
2/0
100%
3/1
(4)
75%
1/0
100%
0/1
0%
1/1
(2)
50%
11/6
65%
22/7
76%
33/13
(46)
72%
53/16 (69)
77%
64/12 (76)
84%
117/28
(145)
81%
Table 5
Analysis of successfulness and the number of performed individual skills during the small football
game 2:2
with unlimited number of touches
Team A
% of success
Team B
% of success
∑ of performed
individual
skills
Passes
Going around
an opponent
Steals
Heading
Shoots
Total number of
performed
individual skills
34/7
83%
28/3
90%
62/10
(72)
86%
5/4
56%
5/0
100%
10/4
(14)
71%
2/2
50%
6/4
60%
8/6
(14)
57%
0/0
0%
0/1
0%
0/1
(1)
0%
12/4
75%
17/10
63%
29/14
(43)
67%
53/17 (70)
76%
56/18 (74)
76%
109/35
(144)
76%
Table 6
Analysis of successfulness and the number of performed individual skills
during the small football game 3:3 with unlimited number of touches
Team A
% of success
Team B
% of success
∑ of performed
individual
skills
Passes
Going around
an opponent
Steals
Heading
Shoots
Total number of
performed
individual skills
45/7
87%
43/10
81%
88/17
(105)
84%
4/2
67%
7/3
70%
11/5
(16)
69%
5/2
71%
7/3
70%
12/5
(17)
71%
2/0
100%
1/1
50%
3/1
(4)
75%
16/5
76%
17/7
71%
33/12
(45)
73%
72/16 (88)
82%
75/24 (99)
76%
147/40
(187)
79%
Different small football games were added by the analysis of frequency and
successfulness of selected individual skills. The highest number of performed individual skills
occurred at 3 : 3 small football games (187) (Tab. 6), then the in 2 : 2 small football games
with a maximum of 3 touches (145) (Tab. 4), and finally at 2 : 2 with unlimited number of
touches (144) (Tab. 2). Heading was the least used individual skill. It was because of limited
space for the small football games. All types of small football games pointed out the
possibility to improve the skill potential of players (especially shooting and passing) in the
anaerobic-aerobic conditions in space-time deficit. The fact that surprises us the most is a low
number of times when the players were going around opponent and low number of steals,
which should be the basis of the high intensity loading of small football games. This could be
caused by the insufficient individual skills of players or unwillingness to fight for the ball, or
fear of losing the ball.
Conclusions
1. The findings of this research point out the fact that small football games has not been
sufficient to stimulate the processes of anaerobic glycolysis and the values of LA after
these games were lower in comparison with non-specific short repeated intense loading.
2. The highest measured lactate level was 9.5mmol.l-1. We confirmed the initial question of
our research problem. It cannot be considered as a sufficient loading for the development
of anaerobic capacity. Therefore, we recommend that presented small football games
could be used as highly-specific means for the intensive development of predominantly
aerobic power at intensity of VO2max by interval, with the number of repetitions 6-10 for
2-4 min. with rest interval about 4 min.
3. We confirm the second hypothesis that the higher number of players involved in the small
football game, the less intense is the average loading. This is caused by the division of
game tasks, more possibilities to cooperate or avoid cooperation if a player is
insufficiently motivated or fatigued. In our case, the highest values of LA were after a
small football game with 2 : 2 players - 4.8 - 9.5 mmol.l-1 and 3 : 3 players - 2.67 to 6.71
mmol.l-1. Maximum LA levels were 2-3 mmol.l-1 higher after the small football games
with limited number of contacts with a ball compared to pre-games with unlimited
number of touches.
4. All types of small football games pointed out the possibility to improve technical and skill
potential of players (especially shooting and passing) in the anaerobic-aerobic conditions
in space-time deficit. The fact that surprises us the most is a low number of times when
players were going around opponent and low number of steals, which should be the basis
of the high intensity loading of pre-games and therefore should be emphasized.
5. Proven organizational forms of small football games are appropriate means of specific
loading on supramaximal game intensity when compared to the actual play during the
match. Their disadvantage is a small space and thus limited space for execution of all
activities at a large area. We recommend their incorporation to the transformational period
of the training process.
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